Fabrication of conductive human bio-nanoelectrode from graphene oxide modified with polyvinyl alcohol.

It is time for electrodes prepared from graphene oxide (GO) to replace the traditional electrodes. However, GO is an electrically insulating material. However, in this study, a conductive electrode was prepared from GO modification with glycerol (GL) under the esterification reaction at 90°C for 3 h with sulphuric acid as a catalyst under vacuum conditions. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) acts as a polymer host. It was mixed with GO and modification was carried out under heating conditions. The mixture of the GO/GL/PVA nanocomposite was rapidly cooled and poured into the electrode mould. Finally, it is placed in a desiccator at room temperature for two days. The characterisation (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy) proved that the ester bond was formed and a complete distribution of GO/GL into the matrix of PVA was verified. The GO/GL/PVA nanocomposite was tested for electrocardiogram (ECG) electrodes. The biopic instrument was used to compare the behaviour of the GO/GL/PVA plastic electrode and the commercial one. The results indicated that the GO/GL/PVA plastic electrode efficiently detected ECG signals after two months with high conductivity and lower noise than the commercial electrode. The GO/GL/PVA plastic electrode has been reported for the first time in the literature.