Magne Tais Monteiro, de Oliveira Vieira Thamires, Alencar Luciana Magalhães Rebelo, Junior Francisco Franciné Maia, Gemini-Piperni Sara, Carneiro Samuel V, Fechine Lillian M U D, Freire Rafael M, Golokhvast Kirill, Metrangolo Pierangelo, Fechine Pierre B A, Santos-Oliveira Ralph
Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rio de Janeiro, 21941906 Brazil.
Biophysics and Nanosystems Laboratory, Department of Physics, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luis, Maranhão 65080805 Brazil.
J Nanostructure Chem. 2022;12(5):693-727. doi: 10.1007/s40097-021-00444-3. Epub 2021 Sep 6.
Over the past few years, there has been a growing potential use of graphene and its derivatives in several biomedical areas, such as drug delivery systems, biosensors, and imaging systems, especially for having excellent optical, electronic, thermal, and mechanical properties. Therefore, nanomaterials in the graphene family have shown promising results in several areas of science. The different physicochemical properties of graphene and its derivatives guide its biocompatibility and toxicity. Hence, further studies to explain the interactions of these nanomaterials with biological systems are fundamental. This review has shown the applicability of the graphene family in several biomedical modalities, with particular attention for cancer therapy and diagnosis, as a potent theranostic. This ability is derivative from the considerable number of forms that the graphene family can assume. The graphene-based materials biodistribution profile, clearance, toxicity, and cytotoxicity, interacting with biological systems, are discussed here, focusing on its synthesis methodology, physicochemical properties, and production quality. Despite the growing increase in the bioavailability and toxicity studies of graphene and its derivatives, there is still much to be unveiled to develop safe and effective formulations.
在过去几年中，石墨烯及其衍生物在多个生物医学领域的潜在应用不断增加，例如药物递送系统、生物传感器和成像系统，特别是因为它们具有优异的光学、电子、热学和机械性能。因此，石墨烯家族的纳米材料在多个科学领域都显示出了令人期待的成果。石墨烯及其衍生物的不同物理化学性质决定了其生物相容性和毒性。因此，进一步研究这些纳米材料与生物系统的相互作用至关重要。本综述展示了石墨烯家族在多种生物医学模式中的适用性，尤其关注其作为一种有效的治疗诊断剂在癌症治疗和诊断中的应用。这种能力源于石墨烯家族可以呈现的多种形式。本文讨论了基于石墨烯的材料与生物系统相互作用时的生物分布概况、清除率、毒性和细胞毒性，重点关注其合成方法、物理化学性质和生产质量。尽管石墨烯及其衍生物的生物利用度和毒性研究不断增加，但要开发安全有效的制剂仍有许多有待揭示的内容。
