Kasliwal Akshat, Furbush Noah J, Gawron James H, McBride James R, Wallington Timothy J, De Kleine Robert D, Kim Hyung Chul, Keoleian Gregory A
Research and Innovation Center, Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan, 48121, USA.
Center for Sustainable Systems, School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, 440 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA.
Nat Commun. 2019 Apr 9;10(1):1555. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-09426-0.
Interest and investment in electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft (VTOLs), commonly known as flying cars, have grown significantly. However, their sustainability implications are unclear. We report a physics-based analysis of primary energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of VTOLs vs. ground-based cars. Tilt-rotor/duct/wing VTOLs are efficient when cruising but consume substantial energy for takeoff and climb; hence, their burdens depend critically on trip distance. For our base case, traveling 100 km (point-to-point) with one pilot in a VTOL results in well-to-wing/wheel GHG emissions that are 35% lower but 28% higher than a one-occupant internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) and battery electric vehicle (BEV), respectively. Comparing fully loaded VTOLs (three passengers) with ground-based cars with an average occupancy of 1.54, VTOL GHG emissions per passenger-kilometer are 52% lower than ICEVs and 6% lower than BEVs. VTOLs offer fast, predictable transportation and could have a niche role in sustainable mobility.
对电动垂直起降飞机（VTOL），也就是通常所说的飞行汽车的兴趣和投资显著增加。然而，它们对可持续性的影响尚不清楚。我们报告了一项基于物理学的分析，对比了垂直起降飞机与地面汽车的一次能源和温室气体（GHG）排放情况。倾转旋翼/涵道/机翼式垂直起降飞机在巡航时效率较高，但起飞和爬升时消耗大量能源；因此，它们的负担严重取决于行程距离。在我们的基础案例中，一名飞行员乘坐垂直起降飞机飞行100公里（点对点），其从井口到机翼/车轮的温室气体排放量分别比单人内燃机汽车（ICEV）低35%，但比纯电动汽车（BEV）高28%。将满载的垂直起降飞机（搭载三名乘客）与平均载客量为乘客每公里的温室气体排放量比内燃机汽车低52%，比纯电动汽车低6%。垂直起降飞机提供快速、可预测的交通方式，并且在可持续交通中可能发挥特定作用。 1.54人的地面汽车相比较，垂直起降飞机
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