Assari Shervin, Mistry Ritesh, Lee Daniel B, Caldwell Cleopatra Howard, Zimmerman Marc A
Department of Family Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
Front Pediatr. 2019 Mar 22;7:78. doi: 10.3389/fped.2019.00078. eCollection 2019.
Researchers have reported gender differences in the association between perceived racial discrimination (PRD) and substance use including marijuana use (MU). A limited number of longitudinal studies, however, have documented the long-term effect of PRD during adolescence on subsequent MU in young adulthood. In the current longitudinal study, we tested gender differences in the association between baseline PRD during adolescence and subsequent MU during young adulthood within Black population. A cohort of 595 Black (278 male and 317 female) ninth grade students were followed for 13 years from 1999 (mean age 20) to 2012 (mean age 33). Participants were selected from an economically disadvantaged urban area in the Midwest, United States. The independent variable was PRD measured in 1999. The outcome was average MU between 2000 and 2012 (based on eight measurements). Covariates included age, socio-demographics (family structure, and parental employment), and substance use by friends and parents. Gender was the focal moderator. Linear regression was used for statistical analysis. In the pooled sample, PRD in 1999 was not associated with average MU between 2000 and 2012. We did, however, find an interaction effect between baseline PRD and gender on average MU, suggesting stronger association for males than females. In gender-specific models, baseline PRD predicted average MU between 2000 and 2012 for males, but not for females. Exposure to PRD during late adolescence may have a larger role on MU of male than female Black young adults. Although we found that males are more vulnerable to the effects of PRD on MU, PRD should be prevented regardless of race, gender, and other social identities. While PRD is pervasive among Black Americans, exposure to PRD increase the risk of MU for Black males. Hence, substance use prevention efforts for Black males, in particular, should emphasize coping with PRD.
研究人员报告了在感知到的种族歧视（PRD）与物质使用（包括大麻使用，MU）之间的关联中存在性别差异。然而，仅有少数纵向研究记录了青少年时期的PRD对青年成年期后续MU的长期影响。在当前的纵向研究中，我们测试了黑人人群中青少年时期的基线PRD与青年成年期后续MU之间关联的性别差异。对一组595名黑人（278名男性和317名女性）九年级学生从1999年（平均年龄20岁）到2012年（平均年龄33岁）进行了为期13年的跟踪研究。参与者选自美国中西部一个经济条件不利的城市地区。自变量是1999年测量的PRD。结果是2000年至2012年期间的平均MU（基于八项测量）。协变量包括年龄、社会人口统计学特征（家庭结构和父母就业情况）以及朋友和父母的物质使用情况。性别是主要调节变量。使用线性回归进行统计分析。在汇总样本中，1999年的PRD与2000年至2012年期间的平均MU无关。然而，我们确实发现基线PRD与性别在平均MU上存在交互作用，表明男性的关联比女性更强。在特定性别的模型中，基线PRD预测了2000年至2012年期间男性的平均MU，但对女性则不然。青少年晚期接触PRD对黑人青年男性的MU可能比对女性的影响更大。尽管我们发现男性更容易受到PRD对MU的影响，但无论种族、性别和其他社会身份如何，都应预防PRD。虽然PRD在美国黑人中普遍存在，但接触PRD会增加黑人男性MU的风险。因此，特别是针对黑人男性的物质使用预防工作应强调应对PRD。
