Sutehall Shaun, Muniz-Pardos Borja, Lima Giscard, Wang Guan, Malinsky Fernanda Rossell, Bosch Andrew, Zelenkova Irina, Tanisawa Kumpei, Pigozzi Fabio, Borrione Paolo, Pitsiladis Yannis
Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA.
GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, SPAIN.
Curr Sports Med Rep. 2019 Apr;18(4):97-104. doi: 10.1249/JSR.0000000000000577.
The benefit of training at altitude to enhance exercise performance remains equivocal although the most widely accepted approach is one where the athletes live and perform lower-intensity running at approximately 2300 m with high-intensity training at approximately 1250 m. The idea is that this method maintains maximal augmentations in total hemoglobin mass while reducing the performance impairment of high-intensity sessions performed at moderate altitude and thus preventing any detraining that can occur when athletes live and train at moderate altitude. This training regimen, however, is not universally accepted and some argue that the performance enhancement is due to placebo and training camp effects. Altitude training may affect an athlete's hematological parameters in ways similar to those observed following blood doping. Current methods of detection appear insufficient to differentiate between altitude training and blood doping making the interpretation of an athlete's biological passport difficult. Further research is required to determine the optimal method for altitude training and to enhance current detection methods to be able to differentiate better blood doping and altitude exposure.
尽管最被广泛接受的方法是让运动员在海拔约2300米处生活并进行低强度跑步，在海拔约1250米处进行高强度训练，但在高原训练以提高运动成绩的益处仍不明确。其理念是，这种方法能在增加总血红蛋白量的同时，减少在中等海拔进行高强度训练时的成绩下降，从而防止运动员在中等海拔生活和训练时可能出现的任何训练不足。然而，这种训练方案并未得到普遍认可，一些人认为成绩提高是由于安慰剂和训练营效应。高原训练可能以类似于血液兴奋剂使用后观察到的方式影响运动员的血液学参数。目前的检测方法似乎不足以区分高原训练和血液兴奋剂使用，这使得解读运动员的生物护照变得困难。需要进一步研究以确定高原训练的最佳方法，并改进当前的检测方法，以便更好地区分血液兴奋剂使用和高原暴露。
