Eurasien-Abteilung des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Berlin, Germany.
Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales, Madrid, Spain.
PLoS One. 2019 Apr 10;14(4):e0214218. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214218. eCollection 2019.
Eleven biconical vessels from the Copper Age sites Pietrele and Blejeşti (Romania) have been investigated using p-XRF. In most cases, traces of lead could be measured on their surfaces. Samples of slag-like material from two vessels and the clay of one vessel were investigated using laboratory methods, namely SEM, XRD, LIA and optical microscopy. The vessels were obviously used as a kind of crucible in which slag-like remains and galena ore were detected. It still remains unclear as to what final product was gained by smelting galena in this way. The amount of these such vessels in the Pietrele settlement, their appearance as grave goods in Pietrele and Vărăști (Romania), and their supposed occurrence in a number of other Copper Age settlements in Romania and Bulgaria show the significance of this phenomenon. It must have been a widespread and more or less well known practice, an important part of cultural habit during a particular period in the Lower Danube region and likely even farther afield. For the first time, extensive experimentation with lead ore can be shown in a clear chronological horizon, ca. 4400-4300 BCE in southeastern Europe.
十一艘来自铜器时代皮特雷列（Pietrele）和布莱耶什蒂（Blejeşti）遗址的双锥形容器使用 p-XRF 进行了研究。在大多数情况下，它们的表面都可以测量到铅的痕迹。使用实验室方法（SEM、XRD、LIA 和光学显微镜）对来自两个容器的炉渣状材料和一个容器的粘土进行了研究。这些容器显然被用作坩埚，其中检测到炉渣状残留物和方铅矿矿石。目前仍不清楚通过这种方式熔炼方铅矿会得到什么最终产物。在皮特雷列定居点有大量这样的容器，它们作为皮特雷列和瓦拉济（Vărăști）（罗马尼亚）的随葬品，以及它们在罗马尼亚和保加利亚的一些其他铜器时代定居点的假定存在，表明了这一现象的重要性。这一定是一种广泛存在且或多或少广为人知的做法，是多瑙河下游地区特定时期文化习惯的重要组成部分，甚至可能更远。这是首次在明确的年代学背景下进行广泛的方铅矿实验，时间约为公元前 4400-4300 年，位于东南欧。
