Department of Psychology and Human Development, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, UK.
Br J Dev Psychol. 2019 Nov;37(4):466-485. doi: 10.1111/bjdp.12287. Epub 2019 Apr 11.
We investigated, using a cross-lagged design, the longitudinal association of bullying involvement and peer problems with affective decision-making in adolescence (ages 11 and 14 years) in 13,888 participants of the Millennium Cohort Study. Affective decision-making (risk-taking, quality of decision-making, risk adjustment, deliberation time, and delay aversion) was measured with the Cambridge Gambling Task, bullying involvement (bully, bully-victim, victim, or 'neutral' status) with self-report measures, and peer problems with the parent-reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. In general, peer problems were associated with decision-making in the unadjusted model but not after controlling for confounding. However, bullying involvement was related to decision-making even after adjustment. Compared to 'neutral' males, bullies and bully-victims improved over time in risk adjustment, and bully-victims in deliberation time, too. In both sexes, bullies showed more risk-taking compared to their 'neutral' counterparts. It seems that bullies are more sensitive to reward (or less sensitive to punishment) than those not involved in bullying. The finding that male bullies show improvement in decision-making warrants further research. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? In adults, decision-making deficits and social exclusion or rejection are linked In youth, only two studies have explored this link with gambling tasks measuring real-world difficulties in decision-making. Both studies were cross-sectional and small-scale. What does this study add? We explore this link in adolescence, using a large, general population longitudinal sample and the Cambridge Gambling Task. Bullies were more sensitive to reward (or less sensitive to punishment) than those not involved in bullying. Male bullies improved over time in risk adjustment, a finding that warrants further research.
我们采用交叉滞后设计，在 13888 名千禧年队列研究参与者中调查了青少年（11 岁和 14 岁）中欺凌卷入和同伴问题与情感决策的纵向关联。情感决策（冒险、决策质量、风险调整、审议时间和延迟厌恶）通过剑桥赌博任务进行测量，欺凌卷入（欺凌者、欺凌受害者、受害者或“中性”状态）通过自我报告措施进行测量，同伴问题通过父母报告的优势和困难问卷进行测量。一般来说，同伴问题与未调整模型中的决策相关，但在控制混杂因素后则不相关。然而，欺凌卷入与决策相关，即使在调整后也是如此。与“中性”男性相比，欺凌者和欺凌受害者随着时间的推移在风险调整方面有所改善，而欺凌受害者在审议时间方面也有所改善。在两种性别中，欺凌者与“中性”相比，表现出更多的冒险行为。似乎欺凌者比未参与欺凌的人对奖励更敏感（或对惩罚不敏感）。男性欺凌者在决策方面的改善发现值得进一步研究。
