Chandra Paul Suvash, Mbewe Peter B K, Kong Sih Ying, Šavija Branko
Civil Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia.
Department of Civil Engineering, The Malawi Polytechnic, University of Malawi, Private Bag 303, Blantyre, Malawi.
Materials (Basel). 2019 Apr 3;12(7):1112. doi: 10.3390/ma12071112.
Concrete production utilizes cement as its major ingredient. Cement production is an important consumer of natural resources and energy. Furthermore, the cement industry is a significant CO₂ producer. To reduce the environmental impact of concrete production, supplementary cementitious materials such as fly ash, blast furnace slag, and silica fume are commonly used as (partial) cement replacement materials. However, these materials are industrial by-products and their availability is expected to decrease in the future due to, e.g., closing of coal power plants. In addition, these materials are not available everywhere, for example, in developing countries. In these countries, industrial and agricultural wastes with pozzolanic behavior offer opportunities for use in concrete production. This paper summarizes the engineering properties of concrete produced using widespread agricultural wastes such as palm oil fuel ash, rice husk ash, sugarcane bagasse ash, and bamboo leaf ash. Research on cement replacement containing agricultural wastes has shown that there is great potential for their utilization as partial replacement for cement and aggregates in concrete production. When properly designed, concretes containing these wastes have similar or slightly better mechanical and durability properties compared to ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete. Thus, successful use of these wastes in concrete offers novel sustainable materials and contributes to greener construction as it reduces the amount of waste, while also minimizing the use of virgin raw materials for cement production. This paper will help the concrete industry choose relevant waste products and their optimum content for concrete production. Furthermore, this study identifies research gaps which may help researchers in further studying concrete based on agricultural waste materials.
混凝土生产以水泥作为主要成分。水泥生产是自然资源和能源的重要消耗者。此外，水泥行业也是二氧化碳的重要排放源。为了减少混凝土生产对环境的影响，通常使用粉煤灰、高炉矿渣和硅灰等辅助胶凝材料作为（部分）水泥替代材料。然而，这些材料是工业副产品，预计未来其供应量会因例如煤电厂关闭等原因而减少。此外，这些材料并非在所有地方都有，例如在发展中国家就没有。在这些国家，具有火山灰活性的工农业废弃物为混凝土生产提供了利用机会。本文总结了使用棕榈油燃料灰、稻壳灰、甘蔗渣灰和竹叶灰等广泛使用的农业废弃物生产的混凝土的工程性能。对含有农业废弃物的水泥替代物的研究表明，它们作为混凝土生产中水泥和骨料的部分替代品具有很大的利用潜力。经过合理设计，含有这些废弃物的混凝土与普通硅酸盐水泥（OPC）混凝土相比，具有相似或略优的力学性能和耐久性。因此，在混凝土中成功使用这些废弃物可提供新型可持续材料，并有助于实现更绿色的建筑，因为它减少了废弃物的数量，同时还最大限度地减少了水泥生产中原始原材料的使用。本文将帮助混凝土行业选择相关废弃物产品及其在混凝土生产中的最佳用量。此外，本研究还确定了研究空白，这可能有助于研究人员进一步研究基于农业废弃物材料的混凝土。
