Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire "Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement", Clermont-Ferrand, France.
CIRAD, UMR Peuplements Végétaux et Bio-agresseurs en Milieu Tropical, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, Saint-Pierre, France.
PLoS One. 2019 Apr 16;14(4):e0215466. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215466. eCollection 2019.
The honeybee (Apis mellifera) has to cope with multiple environmental stressors, especially pesticides. Among those, the herbicide glyphosate and its main metabolite, the aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), are among the most abundant and ubiquitous contaminant in the environment. Through the foraging and storing of contaminated resources, honeybees are exposed to these xenobiotics. As ingested glyphosate and AMPA are directly in contact with the honeybee gut microbiota, we used quantitative PCR to test whether they could induce significant changes in the relative abundance of the major gut bacterial taxa. Glyphosate induced a strong decrease in Snodgrassella alvi, a partial decrease of a Gilliamella apicola and an increase in Lactobacillus spp. abundances. In vitro, glyphosate reduced the growth of S. alvi and G. apicola but not Lactobacillus kunkeei. Although being no bee killer, we confirmed that glyphosate can have sublethal effects on the honeybee microbiota. To test whether such imbalanced microbiota could favor pathogen development, honeybees were exposed to glyphosate and to spores of the intestinal parasite Nosema ceranae. Glyphosate did not significantly enhance the effect of the parasite infection. Concerning AMPA, while it could reduce the growth of G. apicola in vitro, it did not induce any significant change in the honeybee microbiota, suggesting that glyphosate is the active component modifying the gut communities.
蜜蜂（Apis mellifera）必须应对多种环境压力源，尤其是农药。在这些压力源中，除草剂草甘膦及其主要代谢物氨甲基膦酸（AMPA）是环境中最丰富和最普遍的污染物之一。通过采集和储存受污染的资源，蜜蜂会接触到这些外来生物。由于摄入的草甘膦和 AMPA 直接与蜜蜂肠道微生物群接触，我们使用定量 PCR 来测试它们是否会引起主要肠道细菌分类群相对丰度的显著变化。草甘膦强烈诱导了 Snodgrassella alvi 的减少，Gilliamella apicola 的部分减少和 Lactobacillus spp. 的增加。在体外，草甘膦降低了 Snodgrassella alvi 和 Gilliamella apicola 的生长，但不降低 Lactobacillus kunkeei 的生长。尽管草甘膦不是蜜蜂杀手，但我们证实它可以对蜜蜂微生物群产生亚致死作用。为了测试这种不平衡的微生物群是否有利于病原体的发展，蜜蜂被暴露于草甘膦和肠道寄生虫 Nosema ceranae 的孢子下。草甘膦并没有显著增强寄生虫感染的效果。关于 AMPA，虽然它可以在体外降低 Gilliamella apicola 的生长，但它不会导致蜜蜂微生物群发生任何显著变化，这表明草甘膦是改变肠道群落的活性成分。
