Margalhos Pedro, Esteves Francisco, Vila Jaime, Arriaga Patrícia
Instituto Superior Manuel Teixeira Gomes - ISMAT (Portugal).
Mid Sweden University (Sweden).
Span J Psychol. 2019 Apr 17;22:E17. doi: 10.1017/sjp.2019.20.
The study of smoking in adolescence is of major importance as nicotine dependence often begins in younger groups. Tobacco health warnings have been introduced to inform people of the negative consequences of smoking. This study assessed the emotions and perceived effectiveness of two formats of tobacco warnings on adolescents: Text-only versus graphic warning labels. In addition, we analyzed how emotions predicted their perceived effectiveness. In a cross-sectional study, 413 adolescents (131 smokers, 282 non-smokers) between 13-20 years of age rated their emotions (valence and arousal) and perceived effectiveness towards a set of tobacco warnings. Results showed that graphic warnings evoked higher arousal than text-only warning labels (p = .038). Most of the warning labels also evoked unpleasantness with smokers reporting higher unpleasantness regarding text-only warnings compared to non-smokers (p = .002). In contrast, perceived effectiveness of the warnings was lower in smokers than in non-smokers (p = .029). Finally, high arousal and being a non-smoker explained 14% of the variance of perceiving the warnings more effective. Given the role that warnings may play in increasing health awareness, these findings highlight how smoking status and emotions are important predictors of the way adolescents consider tobacco health labels to be effective.
青少年吸烟问题的研究至关重要，因为尼古丁依赖往往始于较年轻群体。烟草健康警告已被引入，以告知人们吸烟的负面后果。本研究评估了两种形式的烟草警告对青少年的情绪及感知效果：纯文本警告与图形警告标签。此外，我们分析了情绪如何预测他们对警告效果的感知。在一项横断面研究中，413名年龄在13至20岁之间的青少年（131名吸烟者，282名非吸烟者）对一系列烟草警告的情绪（效价和唤醒度）及感知效果进行了评分。结果显示，图形警告引发的唤醒度高于纯文本警告标签（p = 0.038）。大多数警告标签也引发了不愉快情绪，吸烟者报告称，与非吸烟者相比，他们对纯文本警告的不愉快感更高（p = 0.002）。相比之下，吸烟者对警告效果的感知低于非吸烟者（p = 0.029）。最后，高唤醒度和非吸烟者身份解释了14%的警告效果感知差异。鉴于警告在提高健康意识方面可能发挥的作用，这些发现凸显了吸烟状况和情绪是青少年如何看待烟草健康标签有效性的重要预测因素。
