School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019 Jul;102:1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.04.008. Epub 2019 Apr 15.
More than 150 years have passed since Helmholtz first described perception as a process of unconscious inference about the causes of sensations. His ideas have since inspired a wealth of literature investigating the mechanisms underlying these inferences. In recent years, much of this work has converged on the notion that the brain is a hierarchical generative model of its environment that predicts sensations and updates itself based on prediction errors. Here, we build a case for modeling tinnitus from this perspective, i.e. predictive coding. We emphasize two key claims: (1) acute tinnitus reflects an increase in sensory precision in related frequency channels and (2) chronic tinnitus reflects a change in the brain's default prediction. We further discuss specific neural biomarkers that would constitute evidence for or against these claims. Finally, we explore the implications of our model for clinical intervention strategies. We conclude that predictive coding offers the basis for a unifying theory of cognitive neuroscience, which we demonstrate with several examples linking tinnitus to other lines of brain research.
自赫尔姆霍茨 (Helmholtz) 首次将感知描述为对感觉原因的无意识推断过程以来，已经过去了 150 多年。从那时起，他的思想激发了大量研究这些推断机制的文献。近年来，这项工作的大部分都集中在这样一种观点上，即大脑是其环境的分层生成模型，它可以预测感觉，并根据预测误差进行自我更新。在这里，我们从这个角度（即预测编码）构建了耳鸣模型。我们强调两个关键主张：（1）急性耳鸣反映了相关频率通道中感觉精度的增加；（2）慢性耳鸣反映了大脑默认预测的变化。我们进一步讨论了构成这些主张证据的具体神经生物标志物。最后，我们探讨了我们的模型对临床干预策略的影响。我们的结论是，预测编码为认知神经科学的统一理论提供了基础，我们通过将耳鸣与其他脑研究联系起来的几个例子证明了这一点。
