Department of Human Development and Family Science, The Youth Development Institute, University of Georgia, 123 Dawson Hall, 305 Sanford Dr., Athens, GA, 30602, Greece.
Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, 125 Baldwin Street, Athens, GA, 30602, Greece.
Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2019 Jun;37:100642. doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100642. Epub 2019 Apr 4.
Prolonged exposure to socioeconomic hardship (SH) is associated with greater delayed reward discounting (DRD), a form of impulsive decision-making that reflects a reduced capacity to delay gratification and a significant correlate of diverse risk behaviors, but the neurobehavioral mechanisms linking SH and DRD are unknown. An emerging hypothesis suggests that cognitive and affective stress associated with poverty may tax neurocognitive functions, such as working memory (WM), and lead to impulsive DRD. Furthermore, research suggests that emotional reactivity (ER) is an important dispositional factor to consider in the link between executive functions and DRD. Thus, we longitudinally examined the indirect effect of SH on impulsive DRD via a network of brain regions associated with WM function in a sample of young adults, and whether that link was moderated by ER. Participants were 119 rural African Americans (aged 19-24 years) assessed behaviorally on four occasions, with fMRI at the last time point. Results showed that, among emerging adults with higher ER, SH severity was predictive of increased DRD via reduced response in brain regions activated during an n-back WM task. These findings reveal both the cognitive and affective mechanisms that underlie the relationship between SH and DRD.
长期处于社会经济困难（SH）中与更大的延迟奖励折扣（DRD）有关，这是一种冲动决策形式，反映了延迟满足的能力降低，并且是多种风险行为的重要相关因素，但将 SH 和 DRD 联系起来的神经行为机制尚不清楚。一个新兴的假设表明，与贫困相关的认知和情感压力可能会影响神经认知功能，例如工作记忆（WM），并导致冲动的 DRD。此外，研究表明，情绪反应性（ER）是考虑执行功能与 DRD 之间联系的一个重要性格因素。因此，我们在一组年轻成年人中，通过与 WM 功能相关的脑区网络，纵向检查了 SH 通过 WM 任务期间激活的脑区的功能障碍对冲动 DRD 的间接影响，以及该联系是否受 ER 的调节。参与者为 119 名农村非裔美国人（年龄在 19-24 岁之间），在四个时间点进行了行为评估，并在最后一个时间点进行了 fMRI 检查。结果表明，在具有较高 ER 的成年早期人群中，SH 严重程度通过 n-back WM 任务期间激活的脑区的反应降低，预测了 DRD 的增加。这些发现揭示了 SH 和 DRD 之间关系的认知和情感机制。
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