Associations between parenting and substance use, meal pattern and food choices: A cross-sectional survey of 13,269 Norwegian adolescents.

Identifying factors that affect adolescent lifestyle behaviors is essential in order to develop effective generic prevention approaches. This study aimed to investigate the association between parental monitoring, parental emotional support, parental-adolescent conflict and adolescent substance use, meal pattern and food choices. The study included data from 13,269 Norwegian adolescents aged 13-16 years collected in 2016. Multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for gender, age and parental education were applied. Results show that low parental monitoring was associated with increased substance use (Odds ratios (OR) ranging from 2.8; 95% Confidence intervals (CI) 2.1-3.6 to OR 3.8; 95% CI, 2.7-5.3) and irregular meal patterns (1.7; 1.3-2.1 to 2.6; 2.1-3.3), low fish intake (1.3;1.0-1.7), and high intake of sugar-sweetened beverages, diet beverages and energy drinks (1.4;1.1-1.7 to 2.1;1.6-2.8). Low parental emotional support was associated with increased substance use (1.8;1.5-2.1 to 2.5;1.9-3.2), irregular meal patterns (2.0; 1.8-2.3 to 2.1;1.9-2.3), low intake of vegetables, fruits and fish (1.3; 1.1-1.5 to 1.5; 1.3-1.7) and high intake of salty snacks, candy, cakes, sugar-sweetened beverages, diet beverages and energy drinks (1.4; 1.2-1.6 to 2.1;1.7-2.5). Finally, high parent-adolescent conflict was associated with increased substance use (2.3; 2.0-2.7 to 2.7; 2.3-3.1), irregular meal patterns (1.6 ;1.5-1.8 to 1.9;1.7-2.1), low intake of fruits and fish (1.3; 1.1-1.5 to 1.5; 1.3-1.7) and high intake of salty snacks, candy, cakes, sugar-sweetened beverages, diet beverages and energy drinks (1.5; 1.3-1.7 to 2.1; 1.8-2.5). Overall, parenting was associated with a range of lifestyle outcomes among adolescents. Family-strengthening interventions may have an impact on multiple public health domains.