Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal.
Annu Rev Neurosci. 2019 Jul 8;42:459-483. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031033. Epub 2019 Apr 24.
Deciding what to do and when to move is vital to our survival. Clinical and fundamental studies have identified basal ganglia circuits as critical for this process. The main input nucleus of the basal ganglia, the striatum, receives inputs from frontal, sensory, and motor cortices and interconnected thalamic areas that provide information about potential goals, context, and actions and directly or indirectly modulates basal ganglia outputs. The striatum also receives dopaminergic inputs that can signal reward prediction errors and also behavioral transitions and movement initiation. Here we review studies and models of how direct and indirect pathways can modulate basal ganglia outputs to facilitate movement initiation, and we discuss the role of cortical and dopaminergic inputs to the striatum in determining what to do and if and when to do it. Complex but exciting scenarios emerge that shed new light on how basal ganglia circuits modulate self-paced movement initiation.
决定做什么和何时行动对我们的生存至关重要。临床和基础研究已经确定基底神经节回路对这个过程至关重要。基底神经节的主要输入核——纹状体，接收来自额叶、感觉和运动皮层以及相互连接的丘脑区域的输入，这些区域提供了关于潜在目标、上下文和动作的信息，并直接或间接地调节基底神经节的输出。纹状体还接收多巴胺能输入，这些输入可以信号奖励预测误差，也可以信号行为转变和运动启动。在这里，我们回顾了直接和间接通路如何调节基底神经节输出以促进运动启动的研究和模型，并讨论了皮质和多巴胺能输入到纹状体在决定做什么以及是否和何时做的作用。复杂但令人兴奋的情况出现了，为基底神经节回路如何调节自我节奏的运动启动提供了新的视角。
