Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine of the Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020 Mar;59(3):410-421. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2019.04.004. Epub 2019 Apr 23.
Original case descriptions of autism noted that parents of the affected children tended to be highly educated and intelligent, a characterization that has endured publicly. Recent genetic studies indicate that risk for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is associated with high intelligence. We examined the association between paternal intelligence and ASD, considering co-occurring intellectual disability (ID) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
We used a register-based cohort study design including 360,151 individuals with fathers conscripted to the Swedish military, resident in Stockholm, Sweden, born from 1984 to 2008, and followed until December 31, 2011, for diagnosis of ASD, ADHD, and/or ID. Risk of neurodevelopmental disorders relative to paternal IQ (rated on a 9-point scale) was assessed using a score of 5 (average intelligence) as the referent in models accounting for potentially nonlinear relationships and clustering of siblings.
We observed an association between high paternal IQ and offspring risk of ASD without ID/ADHD in models adjusted for individual and family characteristics (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.15-1.52), an association that appeared to be driven largely by the fathers' score on the technical comprehension portion of the test (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.31-1.78). Conversely, low paternal IQ was associated with ASD+ID (OR1.78, 95% CI 1.27-2.49) and ASD+ADHD (OR1.40, 95% CI 1.16-1.70); low paternal IQ was strongly associated with ID (OR 4.46, 95% CI 3.62-5.49) and present also for ADHD (OR1.56, 95% CI 1.42-1.72)] without co-occurring ASD or ID.
The relationship between paternal IQ and offspring risk of ASD was nonmonotonic and varied by the presence of co-occurring disorders, probably reflecting phenotypic diversity among affected individuals.
自闭症的原始病例描述指出，受影响儿童的父母往往受过高等教育且聪明才智过人，这一特征一直以来广为人知。最近的遗传研究表明，自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）的风险与高智商有关。我们研究了父亲的智力与 ASD 的关联，同时考虑了并存的智力障碍（ID）和注意力缺陷/多动障碍（ADHD）。
我们使用基于登记的队列研究设计，包括在瑞典斯德哥尔摩居住的 360151 名应征入伍的父亲的后代，他们出生于 1984 年至 2008 年，随访至 2011 年 12 月 31 日，以诊断 ASD、ADHD 和/或 ID。使用五分制（平均智力）作为参照，评估相对于父亲 IQ（9 分制评分）的神经发育障碍风险，该模型考虑了个体和家庭特征以及兄弟姐妹聚类的潜在非线性关系。
我们观察到，在调整了个体和家庭特征后，高父亲 IQ 与无 ID/ADHD 的后代患 ASD 的风险之间存在关联（OR1.32，95%CI1.15-1.52），这一关联似乎主要归因于父亲测试中技术理解部分的得分（OR1.53，95%CI1.31-1.78）。相反，低父亲 IQ 与 ASD+ID（OR1.78，95%CI1.27-2.49）和 ASD+ADHD（OR1.40，95%CI1.16-1.70）相关；低父亲 IQ 与 ID 强烈相关（OR4.46，95%CI3.62-5.49），与 ADHD 也相关（OR1.56，95%CI1.42-1.72），而 ASD 或 ID 并无共存。
父亲 IQ 与后代患 ASD 的风险之间的关系是非单调的，且与共存疾病的存在有关，这可能反映了受影响个体的表型多样性。
