Research Unit for Dietary Studies, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Denmark.
The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
J Nutr. 2019 May 1;149(5):824-830. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxy326.
Few studies have examined the relationship between eating frequency and long-term change in body weight, and the results have been inconsistent.
We examined the associations between eating frequency and 6-y changes in body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2), fat mass, fat-free mass, body fat percentage, and waist circumference.
The study consisted of Danish men (n = 1080) and women (n = 1044) aged 35-67 y with repeated measures of eating frequency, adiposity, and covariates during 11 y. Multiple linear regression was used to assess the associations between baseline eating frequency and subsequent change in BMI, fat mass, fat-free mass, fat percentage, and waist circumference, as well as the association between initial change in eating frequency and subsequent change in the same outcomes.
Total baseline eating frequency was not associated with change in outcomes. However, when separately examining regular meals and snacks, each additional daily meal was associated with a subsequent 6-y change in BMI of -0.14 (95% CI: -0.27, -0.00). Similar tendencies of inverse associations were found for change in fat mass (P = 0.04), fat-free mass (P = 0.07), and waist circumference (P = 0.05). We found no association between initial change in total eating frequency and subsequent change in outcomes. However, each additional daily regular meal after 5 y was associated with a subsequent 6-y change in BMI of -0.16 (95% CI: -0.30, -0.01). Inverse associations were also seen for fat (P = 0.04) and fat-free mass (P = 0.05). In contrast, an increase in daily frequency of snacking was associated with an increase in fat mass (P = 0.04) and fat percentage (P = 0.02).
Our results indicate that total frequency of eating has little or no influence on adiposity among middle-aged Danish men and women. Consumption of regular meals, but not snack consumption, showed a weak inverse association with longitudinal gains in BMI.
很少有研究调查进食频率与体重长期变化之间的关系，且结果并不一致。
我们研究了进食频率与 6 年 BMI（kg/m2）、体脂肪量、去脂体重、体脂百分比和腰围变化之间的相关性。
该研究纳入了丹麦年龄为 35-67 岁的男性（n=1080）和女性（n=1044），共进行了 11 年的进食频率、肥胖和协变量的重复测量。采用多元线性回归评估基线进食频率与 BMI、体脂肪量、去脂体重、体脂百分比和腰围变化之间的相关性，以及进食频率初始变化与随后相同结局变化之间的相关性。
总基线进食频率与结局变化无关。然而，当分别检查正餐和零食时，每天多吃一顿正餐与 BMI 后续 6 年变化呈负相关（-0.14，95%CI：-0.27，-0.00）。体脂肪量（P=0.04）、去脂体重（P=0.07）和腰围（P=0.05）的变化也存在类似的负相关趋势。我们未发现进食频率初始变化与后续结局变化之间的相关性。然而，5 年后每天多吃一顿正餐与 BMI 后续 6 年变化呈负相关（-0.16，95%CI：-0.30，-0.01）。脂肪（P=0.04）和去脂体重（P=0.05）的变化也呈负相关。相比之下，每日吃零食频率的增加与体脂肪量（P=0.04）和体脂百分比（P=0.02）的增加有关。
我们的结果表明，丹麦中年男女的总进食频率对肥胖的影响很小或没有。正餐的摄入，而不是零食的摄入，与 BMI 的纵向增长呈弱负相关。
