Circadian clock regulation of the glycogen synthase () gene by WCC is critical for rhythmic glycogen metabolism in .

Circadian clocks generate rhythms in cellular functions, including metabolism, to align biological processes with the 24-hour environment. Disruption of this alignment by shift work alters glucose homeostasis. Glucose homeostasis depends on signaling and allosteric control; however, the molecular mechanisms linking the clock to glucose homeostasis remain largely unknown. We investigated the molecular links between the clock and glycogen metabolism, a conserved glucose homeostatic process, in We find that glycogen synthase () mRNA, glycogen phosphorylase () mRNA, and glycogen levels, accumulate with a daily rhythm controlled by the circadian clock. Because the synthase and phosphorylase are critical to homeostasis, their roles in generating glycogen rhythms were investigated. We demonstrate that while was necessary for glycogen production, constitutive expression resulted in high and arrhythmic glycogen levels, and deletion of abolished mRNA rhythms and rhythmic glycogen accumulation. Furthermore, we show that promoter activity is rhythmic and is directly controlled by core clock component white collar complex (WCC). We also discovered that WCC-regulated transcription factors, VOS-1 and CSP-1, modulate the phase and amplitude of rhythmic mRNA, and these changes are similarly reflected in glycogen oscillations. Together, these data indicate the importance of clock-regulated transcription over signaling or allosteric control of glycogen rhythms, a mechanism that is potentially conserved in mammals and critical to metabolic homeostasis.