Russell Camisha
Department of Philosophy, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
Reprod Biomed Soc Online. 2018 Aug 16;7:131-140. doi: 10.1016/j.rbms.2018.07.001. eCollection 2018 Nov.
A thriving North American industry has emerged designed to help gay men become biological parents through surrogacy and egg donation. Taking as given that gay men have the same ethical right to pursue such reproductive technologies as heterosexual couples or individuals, this article asks whether access to egg donation and surrogacy for gay men specifically could be considered a matter not just of (consumer) rights, but of justice. The idea of shifting discourse about reproduction from the language of 'rights' to that of 'justice' is most notably articulated by women of colour. Their call for reproductive justice seeks to expand discussion beyond the narrow right to an abortion (as a negative privacy right) to encompass broader, positive rights, such as the rights to bear healthy children and to raise them in safe environments. What, if anything, might we learn from reproductive justice movements about how to frame gay men's desire/demand for access to surrogacy? While I find several productive connections between the two groups, two factors lead me to argue against understanding gay access to surrogacy as a matter of justice: first, the necessary reliance on women's reproductive labour; and second, the largely non-structural causes of gay couples' inability to reproduce. Nevertheless, by considering two driving forces behind gay male assisted reproduction - social norms favouring biological family formation and the need for family security - I ultimately conclude that a basis for solidarity exists between gay men and reproductive justice movements. That basis is a concept like 'procreative liberty'.
北美出现了一个蓬勃发展的产业，旨在帮助男同性恋者通过代孕和卵子捐赠成为亲生父母。假定男同性恋者与异性恋夫妇或个人一样拥有追求此类生殖技术的道德权利，本文探讨专门为男同性恋者提供卵子捐赠和代孕服务是否不仅可以被视为（消费者）权利问题，还可以被视为正义问题。将关于生殖的讨论从“权利”语言转向“正义”语言的观点，最突出地是由有色人种女性提出的。她们对生殖正义的呼吁旨在将讨论范围从狭隘的堕胎权（作为一种消极的隐私权）扩大到更广泛的积极权利，如生育健康孩子并在安全环境中抚养他们的权利。关于如何构建男同性恋者对代孕的渴望/需求，我们能从生殖正义运动中学到什么（如果有的话）？虽然我发现这两个群体之间有一些富有成效的联系，但有两个因素使我反对将男同性恋者获得代孕视为正义问题：第一，对女性生殖劳动的必要依赖；第二，男同性恋伴侣无法生育的主要是非结构性原因。然而，通过考虑男同性恋者辅助生殖背后的两个驱动力——有利于组建亲生家庭的社会规范和对家庭安全感的需求——我最终得出结论，男同性恋者与生殖正义运动之间存在团结的基础。这个基础是一个类似于“生育自由”的概念。
