Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
Nutrients. 2019 May 11;11(5):1056. doi: 10.3390/nu11051056.
Glutathione (GSH) is a critical endogenous antioxidant found in all eukaryotic cells. Higher GSH concentrations protect against cellular damage, tissue degeneration, and disease progression in various models, so there is considerable interest in developing interventions that augment GSH biosynthesis. Oral GSH supplementation is not the most efficient option due to the enzymatic degradation of ingested GSH within the intestine by γ-glutamyltransferase, but supplementation of its component amino acids-cysteine, glycine, and glutamate-enhances tissue GSH synthesis. Furthermore, supplementation with some non-precursor amino acids and micronutrients appears to influence the redox status of GSH and related antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E, lowering systemic oxidative stress and slowing the rate of tissue deterioration. In this review, the effects of oral supplementation of amino acids and micronutrients on GSH metabolism are evaluated. And since specific dietary patterns and diets are being prescribed as first-line therapeutics for conditions such as hypertension and diabetes, the impact of overall diets on GSH homeostasis is also assessed.
谷胱甘肽（GSH）是所有真核细胞中一种重要的内源性抗氧化剂。在各种模型中，较高的 GSH 浓度可防止细胞损伤、组织退化和疾病进展，因此人们对开发增强 GSH 生物合成的干预措施产生了浓厚的兴趣。由于肠道内的γ-谷氨酰转移酶会使摄入的 GSH 发生酶促降解，因此口服 GSH 补充并不是最有效的选择，但补充其组成氨基酸-半胱氨酸、甘氨酸和谷氨酸-可增强组织 GSH 合成。此外，补充某些非前体氨基酸和微量营养素似乎会影响 GSH 和相关抗氧化剂（如维生素 C 和维生素 E）的氧化还原状态，降低全身氧化应激并减缓组织恶化的速度。在这篇综述中，评估了口服补充氨基酸和微量营养素对 GSH 代谢的影响。并且，由于特定的饮食模式和饮食被规定为高血压和糖尿病等疾病的一线治疗方法，因此还评估了整体饮食对 GSH 动态平衡的影响。
