Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK.
Gerontologist. 2020 Jul 15;60(5):e367-e377. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnz062.
People are now spending longer in retirement than ever before and retirement has been found to influence health. This study systematically reviewed the impact of retirement on cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its risk factors (metabolic risk factors, blood biomarkers, physical activity, smoking, drinking, and diet).
Longitudinal studies published in Medline, Embase, Social Science Citation Index, PsycINFO, and Social Policy and Practice were searched. No language restrictions were applied if there was an English abstract. Eighty-two longitudinal studies were included after critical appraisals.
Studies in the United States often found no significant effect of retirement on CVD, while studies in European countries, except France, showed a detrimental effect of retirement on CVD. Results from the United States and several European countries consistently show that retirement increase adiposity measures among those retired from physically demanding jobs. For diabetes and hypertension, five out of nine studies suggest no effect of retirement. Retirement has been repeatedly linked to increasing leisure-time physical activity but may reduce work- and transport-related physical activity in turn. Most studies showed that retirement either decreased smoking or had no effect on smoking. The evidence did not show a clear conclusion on drinking. Only a few studies have assessed the impact on diet and blood biomarkers.
Effect of retirement varies according to the health outcomes studied and country of the study population. Policy concerning extending the retirement age needs to focus on ensuring they are suited to the individual.
人们现在退休后的时间比以往任何时候都要长，退休被发现会影响健康。本研究系统地回顾了退休对心血管疾病（CVD）及其危险因素（代谢危险因素、血液生物标志物、体力活动、吸烟、饮酒和饮食）的影响。
在 Medline、Embase、社会科学引文索引、PsycINFO 和社会政策与实践中搜索发表的纵向研究。如果有英文摘要，则不限制语言。经过严格评估后，共纳入 82 项纵向研究。
美国的研究通常发现退休对 CVD 没有显著影响，而除法国以外的欧洲国家的研究则表明退休对 CVD 有不利影响。来自美国和几个欧洲国家的研究结果一致表明，退休会增加那些从事体力劳动工作的人的肥胖指标。关于糖尿病和高血压，9 项研究中有 5 项表明退休没有影响。退休与增加休闲时间体力活动有关，但反过来可能会减少工作和交通相关的体力活动。大多数研究表明，退休要么减少吸烟，要么对吸烟没有影响。关于饮酒，证据没有得出明确的结论。只有少数研究评估了对饮食和血液生物标志物的影响。
退休对健康结果的影响因研究人群的国家而异。延长退休年龄的政策需要关注确保其适合个人。
