Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, via Quarello 15/A, Turin I, Italy.
Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, E�tv�s Lor�nd University, Budapest H, Hungary.
Plant Cell Physiol. 2019 Jul 1;60(7):1420-1439. doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcz091.
Chloroplasts, mitochondria and vacuoles represent characteristic organelles of the plant cell, with a predominant function in cellular metabolism. Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis and therefore basic and essential for photoautotrophic growth of plants. Mitochondria produce energy during respiration and vacuoles act as internal waste and storage compartments. Moreover, chloroplasts and mitochondria are sites for the biosynthesis of various compounds of primary and secondary metabolism. For photosynthesis and energy generation, the internal membranes of chloroplasts and mitochondria are equipped with electron transport chains. To perform proper electron transfer and several biosynthetic functions, both organelles contain transition metals and here iron is by far the most abundant. Although iron is thus essential for plant growth and development, it becomes toxic when present in excess and/or in its free, ionic form. The harmful effect of the latter is caused by the generation of oxidative stress. As a consequence, iron transport and homeostasis have to be tightly controlled during plant growth and development. In addition to the corresponding transport and homeostasis proteins, the vacuole plays an important role as an intracellular iron storage and release compartment at certain developmental stages. In this review, we will summarize current knowledge on iron transport and homeostasis in chloroplasts, mitochondria and vacuoles. In addition, we aim to integrate the physiological impact of intracellular iron homeostasis on cellular and developmental processes.
叶绿体、线粒体和液泡是植物细胞的典型细胞器，在细胞代谢中起着主要作用。叶绿体是光合作用的场所，因此对植物的光合自养生长是基本和必需的。线粒体在呼吸过程中产生能量，液泡则作为内部废物和储存室。此外，叶绿体和线粒体是初生和次生代谢中各种化合物生物合成的场所。对于光合作用和能量产生，叶绿体和线粒体的内部膜配备有电子传递链。为了进行适当的电子转移和几种生物合成功能，这两个细胞器都含有过渡金属，而铁是迄今为止最丰富的。尽管铁对植物的生长和发育是必不可少的，但当它以过量和/或自由离子形式存在时，就会变得有毒。后者的有害影响是由氧化应激引起的。因此，在植物生长和发育过程中，必须严格控制铁的运输和体内平衡。除了相应的转运和体内平衡蛋白外，液泡在某些发育阶段作为细胞内铁储存和释放的隔室也起着重要作用。在这篇综述中，我们将总结叶绿体、线粒体和液泡中铁的转运和体内平衡的最新知识。此外，我们旨在整合细胞内铁平衡对细胞和发育过程的生理影响。
