Department of Entomology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND.
J Econ Entomol. 2019 Sep 23;112(5):2398-2406. doi: 10.1093/jee/toz121.
The agricultural landscape of North Dakota is changing. Corn and soybean are now commonplace, but once were rare. Spring sown wheat Triticum aestivum L. and durum wheat Triticum turgidum spp. durum continue to be dominant, but more winter-sown wheat is expected in the future. The presence of wheat in the landscape throughout much of the year will benefit populations of the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), which occurs throughout the state, sometimes in large numbers. Hessian fly is unusual among crop pests for which resources for plant resistance are well developed. On wheat genotypes expressing a single effective H resistance gene, 100% of larvae die before exhibiting any growth. Over 35 H genes in the public domain are available for crossing into elite cultivars. We explored the effectiveness of 31 Hessian fly resistance genes for a North Dakota Hessian fly population. Six genes-H4, H15, H21, H23, H26, and H29-caused 100% larval mortality. Seven others caused at least 80% mortality. Experimental data were used to address three additional questions. Do adult females avoid laying eggs on plants that will kill their offspring: Are neonate larvae able to detect resistance that will end up killing them? Do all 31 genes confer equal protection against larval-induced growth deficits? North Dakota wheat breeders have the necessary tools to create highly resistant wheat cultivars. So far, H genes have been deployed singly in cultivars. Advances in plant breeding will enable gene stacking, a more durable strategy over time.
北达科他州的农业景观正在发生变化。玉米和大豆现在很常见，但曾经很少见。春小麦和硬粒小麦继续占主导地位，但预计未来会有更多的冬小麦。小麦在一年中的大部分时间都存在于景观中，这将有利于在全州范围内发生的、有时数量庞大的麦长管蚜的种群。麦长管蚜是一种不寻常的作物害虫，因为它有很好的资源来开发植物抗性。在表达单个有效 H 抗性基因的小麦基因型上，100%的幼虫在表现出任何生长之前死亡。目前有超过 35 个 H 基因在公共领域，可用于与优良品种杂交。我们探索了 31 种抗麦长管蚜基因对北达科他州麦长管蚜种群的有效性。其中 6 个基因（H4、H15、H21、H23、H26 和 H29）导致 100%的幼虫死亡。另外 7 个基因导致至少 80%的死亡率。实验数据被用来回答另外三个问题。雌性成虫是否会避免在会杀死其后代的植物上产卵：初生幼虫是否能够检测到最终会杀死它们的抗性？所有 31 个基因是否都能提供同等的保护，防止幼虫引起的生长缺陷？北达科他州的小麦培育者拥有创造高抗小麦品种所需的必要工具。到目前为止，H 基因已单独部署在品种中。植物育种的进步将使基因堆叠成为一种更持久的策略。
