Department of Education and Family, German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin) and Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.
Dev Sci. 2019 Sep;22(5):e12874. doi: 10.1111/desc.12874. Epub 2019 Jun 28.
Substantial work has demonstrated that early nutrition and home environments, including the degree to which children receive cognitive stimulation and emotional support from parents, play a profound role in influencing early childhood development. Yet, less work has documented the joint influences of parenting and nutritional status on child development among children in the preschool years living in low-income countries. Using panel data from 2016 to 2017 on the parenting, nutritional status, and early developmental outcomes (executive function, language, early numeracy, and socioemotional problems) of 6,508 Cambodian children ages 3-5 years, our findings demonstrate that inequities in early development associated with family wealth are evident at age 3 and increase among children ages 4 and 5 years. Using hierarchical regression analysis, a significant share of these inequalities is explained by differences in parenting and early nutritional status, measured by stunting. Better-educated parents engage in more stimulating and supportive parenting practices. However, the positive association between parenting and language and early numeracy outcomes is 35-54% stronger for non-stunted children, and parental activities explain only about 8-14% of the cognitive gap between the lowest and highest wealth quintiles. The results highlight the need for additional research outlining interactions between environmental factors that link family wealth and child development.
大量研究表明，早期的营养和家庭环境，包括儿童从父母那里获得认知刺激和情感支持的程度，对儿童早期发展有深远的影响。然而，在低收入国家，针对学龄前儿童，关于父母养育方式和营养状况对儿童发展的综合影响的研究还较少。本研究使用了 2016 年至 2017 年在柬埔寨收集的 6508 名 3 至 5 岁儿童的父母养育方式、营养状况和早期发展结果（执行功能、语言、早期数学和社会情感问题）的面板数据，研究结果表明，与家庭财富相关的早期发展不平等在 3 岁时就很明显，并在 4 岁和 5 岁儿童中增加。通过分层回归分析，这些不平等的很大一部分可以用父母养育方式和早期营养状况的差异来解释，这些差异通过发育迟缓来衡量。受教育程度较高的父母会采用更具激励性和支持性的育儿方式。然而，对于非发育迟缓的儿童，父母养育方式与语言和早期数学结果之间的正相关关系要强 35-54%，而父母的活动仅能解释最低和最高财富五分位数之间认知差距的 8-14%。研究结果强调了需要进一步研究，以阐明将家庭财富与儿童发展联系起来的环境因素之间的相互作用。
