School of Medical, Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, B8 G.47 University Drive, Bundaberg, QLD, 4670, Australia.
J Gambl Stud. 2019 Sep;35(3):773-792. doi: 10.1007/s10899-019-09862-z.
Most research on gambling focuses on the negative consequences associated with excessive consumption, which implicitly leads to a reduction in health and wellbeing. However, few studies have measured subjective wellbeing with respect to gambling involvement, and almost none has attempted to distinguish the separate effects of consumption and problems. We used the Personal Wellbeing Index (PWI) in two surveys with different recruitment criteria. Study 1 (N = 1524, 50.6% female) was designed to compare differences in personal wellbeing among gamblers, and Study 2 (N = 1586, 70.2% female) compared wellbeing between gamblers and non-gamblers. Participants provided demographic information, and answered questions allowing them to be grouped into high/low levels of consumption, and problem gambling risk categories. After accounting for gambling problems, higher consumption was associated with higher wellbeing. Study 2 showed consistent results; revealing that both high and low consumption non-problem gamblers (NPGs) had higher personal wellbeing than non-gamblers. Nevertheless, the deleterious effect of gambling problems on wellbeing was larger than the effect of consumption. After accounting for population prevalence (i.e., per capita), only 15.3% of the negative influence of gambling problems on PWI was attributable to problem gamblers; the remainder associated with lower risk categories. Although results were consistent when controlling for demographic covariates, the positive link between consumption and wellbeing may be due to unmeasured variables such as personality traits, health, and socioeconomic status. Nevertheless, the assessment of subjective wellbeing provides a unique perspective on both the positive and negative effects of gambling.
大多数关于赌博的研究都集中在过度消费所带来的负面影响上，这隐含地导致了健康和幸福感的下降。然而，很少有研究从赌博参与的角度来衡量主观幸福感，几乎没有研究试图区分消费和问题的单独影响。我们使用个人幸福感指数（PWI）在两个具有不同招募标准的调查中进行了测量。研究 1（N=1524，女性占 50.6%）旨在比较赌徒之间个人幸福感的差异，而研究 2（N=1586，女性占 70.2%）比较了赌徒和非赌徒之间的幸福感。参与者提供了人口统计学信息，并回答了一些问题，这些问题可以将他们分为高/低消费水平和赌博风险类别。在考虑到赌博问题后，较高的消费水平与较高的幸福感相关。研究 2 得出了一致的结果；表明高消费和低消费非问题赌徒（NPG）的个人幸福感均高于非赌徒。然而，赌博问题对幸福感的有害影响大于消费的影响。在考虑到人口患病率（即人均）后，赌博问题对 PWI 的负面影响只有 15.3%归因于问题赌徒；其余的与较低的风险类别有关。尽管在控制人口统计学协变量时结果是一致的，但消费和幸福感之间的积极联系可能是由于未测量的变量，如人格特质、健康和社会经济地位。然而，主观幸福感的评估为赌博的积极和消极影响提供了一个独特的视角。
