Department of Neurophysiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.
Pediatric Department, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Jun 18;20(12):2964. doi: 10.3390/ijms20122964.
An imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission leading to over excitation plays a crucial role in generating seizures, while enhancing GABAergic mechanisms are critical in terminating seizures. In recent years, it has been reported in many studies that astrocytes are deeply involved in synaptic transmission. Astrocytes form a critical component of the "tripartite" synapses by wrapping around the pre- and post-synaptic elements. From this location, astrocytes are known to greatly influence the dynamics of ions and transmitters in the synaptic cleft. Despite recent extensive research on excitatory tripartite synapses, inhibitory tripartite synapses have received less attention, even though they influence inhibitory synaptic transmission by affecting chloride and GABA concentration dynamics. In this review, we will discuss the diverse actions of astrocytic chloride and GABA homeostasis at GABAergic tripartite synapses. We will then consider the pathophysiological impacts of disturbed GABA homeostasis at the tripartite synapse.
兴奋性和抑制性神经递质失衡导致过度兴奋在引发癫痫发作中起着至关重要的作用，而增强 GABA 能机制对于终止癫痫发作至关重要。近年来，许多研究报道称，星形胶质细胞深度参与了突触传递。星形胶质细胞通过包裹突触前和突触后元件形成“三突触”的关键组成部分。从这个位置，星形胶质细胞被认为极大地影响了突触间隙中的离子和递质的动力学。尽管最近对兴奋性三突触的研究广泛，但抑制性三突触受到的关注较少，尽管它们通过影响氯离子和 GABA 浓度动力学来影响抑制性突触传递。在这篇综述中，我们将讨论星形胶质细胞氯离子和 GABA 动态平衡在 GABA 能三突触中的多种作用。然后，我们将考虑三突触 GABA 动态平衡紊乱的病理生理影响。
