Cox K, Ament M E
Pediatrics. 1979 Mar;63(3):408-13.
This is a retrospective study of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in 68 children and adolescents who were less than 19 years old. In descending order of frequency, the five most common causes were duodenal ulcers, gastric ulcers, esophagitis, gastritis, and esophageal varices. There was male predominance in all diagnoses except gastric ulcers and gastritis. Signs and symptoms correlated poorly with the source of bleeding. Endoscopy was the most reliable method of identifying the bleeding site. Mortality correlated with the following: (1) initial hematocrit or hemoglobin level of less than 20% or less than 7 gm/100 ml, respectively, (2) transfusion requirements of greater than 85 ml/kg of blood without surgical intervention, (3) failure to identify the source of bleeding, (4) presence of a coagulation disorder, and (5) coexistence of another life-threatening disease.
这是一项对68名19岁以下儿童和青少年上消化道出血的回顾性研究。按发生频率从高到低排列，最常见的五个病因是十二指肠溃疡、胃溃疡、食管炎、胃炎和食管静脉曲张。除胃溃疡和胃炎外，所有诊断中男性均占优势。体征和症状与出血来源的相关性较差。内镜检查是确定出血部位最可靠的方法。死亡率与以下因素相关：（1）初始血细胞比容或血红蛋白水平分别低于20%或低于7克/100毫升，（2）未经手术干预输血需求量大于85毫升/千克血液，（3）未能确定出血来源，（4）存在凝血障碍，以及（5）并存另一种危及生命的疾病。
