Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
Experimental Neurology, Goethe-University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
Dis Model Mech. 2019 Jun 27;12(6):dmm039396. doi: 10.1242/dmm.039396.
Parkinson's disease (PD) often manifests with prodromal pain and sensory losses whose etiologies are not well understood. Multiple genetic and toxicity-based rodent models of PD partly recapitulate the histopathology and motor function deficits. Although far less studied, there is some evidence that rodents, similar to humans, develop sensory manifestations of the disease, which may precede motor disturbances and help to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of PD-associated pain at the molecular and neuron circuit levels. The present Review summarizes nociception and other sensory functions in frequently used rodent PD models within the context of the complex phenotypes. In terms of mechanisms, it appears that the acute loss of dopaminergic neurons in systemic toxicity models (MPTP, rotenone) primarily causes nociceptive hyperexcitability, presumably owing to a loss of inhibitory control, whereas genetic models primarily result in a progressive loss of heat perception, reflecting sensory fiber neuropathies. At the molecular level, neither α-synuclein deposits alone nor failure of mitophagy alone appear to be strong enough to result in axonal or synaptic pathology of nociceptive neurons that manifest at the behavioral level, and peripheral sensory loss may mask central 'pain' in behavioral tests. Hence, allostatic combinations or additional challenges and novel behavioral assessments are needed to better evaluate PD-associated sensory neuropathies and pain in rodents.
帕金森病 (PD) 常表现出前驱性疼痛和感觉丧失,但其病因尚不清楚。多种基于遗传和毒性的 PD 啮齿动物模型部分再现了组织病理学和运动功能缺陷。尽管研究得较少,但有一些证据表明,啮齿动物与人类相似,会出现疾病的感觉表现,这可能先于运动障碍,并有助于阐明 PD 相关疼痛在分子和神经元回路水平上的潜在机制。本综述总结了在复杂表型背景下,常用 PD 啮齿动物模型中的伤害感受和其他感觉功能。就机制而言,似乎全身毒性模型(MPTP、鱼藤酮)中多巴胺能神经元的急性丧失主要导致伤害感受过度兴奋,可能是由于抑制控制的丧失,而遗传模型主要导致热感觉的逐渐丧失,反映出感觉纤维神经病变。在分子水平上,单独的α-突触核蛋白沉积或自噬失败本身似乎都不足以导致在行为水平上表现出来的伤害性神经元的轴突或突触病理学,而外周感觉丧失可能会掩盖行为测试中的中枢“疼痛”。因此,需要进行适应性组合或其他挑战和新的行为评估,以更好地评估啮齿动物的 PD 相关感觉神经病变和疼痛。