中年时期的内化和外化精神病理学：15 到 20 年间症状的遗传和环境结构及其稳定性。
Internalizing and externalizing psychopathology in middle age: genetic and environmental architecture and stability of symptoms over 15 to 20 years.
机构信息
Department of Psychiatry, Center for Behavioral Genetics of Aging, University of California, La Jolla, USA.
Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, USA.
出版信息
Psychol Med. 2020 Jul;50(9):1530-1538. doi: 10.1017/S0033291719001533. Epub 2019 Jul 1.
BACKGROUND
Internalizing and externalizing psychopathology factors explain much of the covariance among psychiatric conditions, especially at the level of genetic risk. However, few studies have examined internalizing and externalizing factors in middle-aged samples, especially their ability to predict later symptoms across midlife. The goals of the current study were (i) to quantify the genetic and environmental influences on internalizing and externalizing psychopathology in individuals in their early 40s, and (ii) examine the extent to which these genetic and environmental influences predict self-reported measures of internalizing and externalizing symptoms 15-20 years later.
METHOD
1484 male twins completed diagnostic interviews of psychopathology at mean age 41 and self-reported measures of anxiety, depression, substance use, and related variables at up to two time-points in late middle age (mean ages 56 and 62).
RESULTS
Structural equation modeling of the diagnostic interviews confirmed that internalizing and externalizing factors accounted for most of the genetic variance in individual disorders, with substantial genetic (ra = 0.70) and environmental (re = 0.77) correlations between the factors. Internalizing psychopathology at age 41 was correlated with latent factors capturing anxiety, depression, and/or post-traumatic stress symptoms at ages 56 (r = 0.51) and 62 (r = 0.43). Externalizing psychopathology at age 41 was correlated r = 0.67 with a latent factor capturing aggression, tobacco use, and alcohol use at age 56. Stability of both factors was driven by genetic influences.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings demonstrate the considerable stability of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology symptoms across middle age, especially their genetic influences. Diagnostic interviews effectively predict self-reported symptoms and behaviors 15-20 years later.
背景
内化和外化的精神病理学因素解释了精神疾病之间的大部分协方差，尤其是在遗传风险水平上。然而，很少有研究在中年样本中研究内化和外化因素，特别是它们在中年后期预测后续症状的能力。本研究的目的是：(i) 量化个体在 40 岁出头时内化和外化精神病理学的遗传和环境影响，(ii) 研究这些遗传和环境影响在多大程度上可以预测 15-20 年后自我报告的内化和外化症状。
方法
1484 名男性双胞胎在平均年龄 41 岁时完成了精神病理学的诊断访谈，并在中老年（平均年龄 56 岁和 62 岁）时最多两次报告了焦虑、抑郁、物质使用和相关变量的自我报告测量。
结果
对诊断访谈的结构方程模型证实，内化和外化因素解释了个体障碍的大部分遗传变异，这些因素之间存在大量的遗传（ra = 0.70）和环境（re = 0.77）相关性。41 岁时的内化精神病理学与 56 岁（r = 0.51）和 62 岁（r = 0.43）时焦虑、抑郁和/或创伤后应激症状的潜在因素相关。41 岁时的外化精神病理学与 56 岁时捕捉攻击行为、吸烟和饮酒的潜在因素呈正相关（r = 0.67）。这两个因素的稳定性都受遗传因素的影响。
结论
这些发现表明，内化和外化精神病理学症状在中年期间具有相当大的稳定性，尤其是它们的遗传影响。诊断访谈有效地预测了 15-20 年后的自我报告症状和行为。
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