Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camí de Vera, s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
Universidad Ricardo Palma, Av. Benavides 5440, Santiago de Surco, Lima, Peru.
Sci Rep. 2019 Jul 4;9(1):9688. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-46205-9.
Mountain landscapes provide multiple ecosystem services that are continually vulnerable to land-change. These complex variations over space and time need to be clustered and explained to develop efficient and sustainable land management processes. We completed a spatiotemporal analysis that describes how different patterns of 6 land-change dynamics impact on the supply of 7 ecosystem services over a period of 13 years and across 25 provinces in the central high-Andean Puna of Peru. The appraisal describes: (1) how clusters of land-change dynamics are linked to ecosystem service bundles; (2) which are the dominant land-change dynamics that influence changes in ecosystem service bundles and (3) how multiple ecosystem service provision and relationships vary over space and time. Our analysis addressed agricultural intensification, agricultural de-intensification, natural processes and deforestation as the most critical land-change dynamics across the central high-Andean region over time. Our results show that most of the provinces were mainly described by a small set of land-change dynamics that configured four types of ecosystem service bundles. Moreover, our study demonstrated that different patterns of land-change dynamics can have the same influence on the ecosystem service bundle development, and transformation of large areas are not necessarily equivalent to high variations in ecosystem service supply. Overall, this study provides an approach to facilitate the incorporation of ES at multiple scales allowing an easy interpretation of the region development that can contribute to land management actions and policy decisions.
山地景观提供了多种生态系统服务，这些服务不断受到土地变化的影响。这些复杂的空间和时间变化需要进行聚类和解释，以制定高效和可持续的土地管理流程。我们完成了一项时空分析，描述了在 13 年的时间内和秘鲁安第斯高原中部的 25 个省份中，6 种土地变化动态如何影响 7 种生态系统服务的供应。该评估描述了：(1) 土地变化动态聚类与生态系统服务束之间的联系；(2) 哪些是影响生态系统服务束变化的主要土地变化动态；(3) 多种生态系统服务的提供和关系如何随时间和空间而变化。我们的分析将农业集约化、农业去集约化、自然过程和森林砍伐作为该地区随时间推移的最关键的土地变化动态。我们的研究结果表明，大多数省份主要由一小部分土地变化动态描述，这些动态构成了四种类型的生态系统服务束。此外，我们的研究表明，不同模式的土地变化动态可能对生态系统服务束的发展产生相同的影响，而大面积的转变不一定等同于生态系统服务供应的高变化。总的来说，这项研究提供了一种方法，可以促进在多个尺度上纳入生态系统服务，从而便于解释区域发展，这有助于土地管理行动和政策决策。
