Department of Geography and McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2T5, Canada.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Mar 16;107(11):5242-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0907284107. Epub 2010 Mar 1.
A key challenge of ecosystem management is determining how to manage multiple ecosystem services across landscapes. Enhancing important provisioning ecosystem services, such as food and timber, often leads to tradeoffs between regulating and cultural ecosystem services, such as nutrient cycling, flood protection, and tourism. We developed a framework for analyzing the provision of multiple ecosystem services across landscapes and present an empirical demonstration of ecosystem service bundles, sets of services that appear together repeatedly. Ecosystem service bundles were identified by analyzing the spatial patterns of 12 ecosystem services in a mixed-use landscape consisting of 137 municipalities in Quebec, Canada. We identified six types of ecosystem service bundles and were able to link these bundles to areas on the landscape characterized by distinct social-ecological dynamics. Our results show landscape-scale tradeoffs between provisioning and almost all regulating and cultural ecosystem services, and they show that a greater diversity of ecosystem services is positively correlated with the provision of regulating ecosystem services. Ecosystem service-bundle analysis can identify areas on a landscape where ecosystem management has produced exceptionally desirable or undesirable sets of ecosystem services.
生态系统管理的一个关键挑战是确定如何在景观层面上管理多种生态系统服务。加强重要的供给生态系统服务，如食物和木材，往往会导致调节和文化生态系统服务之间的权衡，如养分循环、洪水保护和旅游业。我们开发了一个分析景观层面多种生态系统服务提供情况的框架，并展示了生态系统服务束的实证示范，即一系列经常一起出现的服务。通过分析由加拿大魁北克省 137 个市镇组成的混合用途景观中的 12 种生态系统服务的空间格局，确定了生态系统服务束。我们确定了六种类型的生态系统服务束，并能够将这些束与景观上具有不同社会-生态动态特征的区域联系起来。我们的研究结果表明，供给与几乎所有调节和文化生态系统服务之间存在景观尺度的权衡，并且表明生态系统服务的多样性与调节生态系统服务的提供呈正相关。生态系统服务束分析可以确定景观上的哪些区域产生了特别理想或不理想的生态系统服务组合。
