KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Oasen, Gouda, the Netherlands.
KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands.
Chemosphere. 2019 Nov;235:510-518. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.207. Epub 2019 Jun 27.
We determined pesticide occurrence in groundwater and surface water sources used for drinking water production in The Netherlands, using both routine monitoring data from Dutch drinking water companies and by studying the presence of newly authorized pesticides in drinking water sources. An analytical LC-MS/MS method was developed for 24 recently authorized pesticides, selected based on their mobility and persistence, and applied in a Dutch/Belgian ground- and surface water monitoring campaign. 15 of these pesticides were detected, including seven in concentrations above the water quality standard from the Water Framework Directive. Two neonicotinoids were detected in highest concentrations: acetamiprid (1.1 μg/L) and thiamethoxam (0.4 μg/L). The routine monitoring data was collected over 2010-2014 in The Netherlands, covering 408 pesticides and 52 metabolites. 63 pesticides and 6 metabolites were prioritized according to their presence in groundwater, surface water and drinking water. The vast majority of the pesticides in routine monitoring has not been detected or only in low concentrations. Overall, the study shows that pesticides are of major concern in drinking water sources across the Netherlands. In two third of the abstraction areas pesticides and/or metabolites have been detected. In one third of the abstraction areas pesticide and/or metabolites concentration exceeded water quality standards according to the Water Framework Directive. The results emphasize that monitoring should focus on priority pesticides, since the vast majority of the pesticides has a low priority. The occurrence of recently authorized pesticides in drinking water sources demonstrates the importance to keep routine monitoring methods up to date.
我们使用荷兰饮用水公司的常规监测数据以及研究新授权农药在饮用水源中的存在情况，确定了荷兰用于饮用水生产的地下水和地表水水源中的农药残留情况。开发了一种用于 24 种最近授权农药的分析 LC-MS/MS 方法，这些农药是基于其流动性和持久性选择的，并应用于荷兰/比利时的地下水和地表水监测活动中。检测到其中 15 种农药，包括 7 种浓度超过《水框架指令》水质标准的农药。两种新烟碱类农药（acetamiprid 和 thiamethoxam）的浓度最高：分别为 1.1μg/L 和 0.4μg/L。常规监测数据于 2010-2014 年在荷兰收集，涵盖 408 种农药和 52 种代谢物。根据其在地下水、地表水和饮用水中的存在情况，优先选择了 63 种农药和 6 种代谢物。常规监测中绝大多数农药未被检出或仅检出低浓度。总的来说，该研究表明，荷兰各地的饮用水源中的农药问题非常严重。在三分之二的取水区域中，已检测到农药和/或代谢物。在三分之一的取水区域中，农药和/或代谢物的浓度超过了《水框架指令》规定的水质标准。研究结果强调，监测应重点关注优先农药，因为绝大多数农药的优先级较低。新授权农药在饮用水源中的出现表明，保持常规监测方法的更新非常重要。
