a Centre National de Référence des Francisella, Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie , Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble , France.
b Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , TIMC-IMAG , Grenoble , France.
Emerg Microbes Infect. 2019;8(1):1027-1042. doi: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1638734.
is a Gram-negative, intracellular bacterium causing the zoonosis tularemia. This highly infectious microorganism is considered a potential biological threat agent. Humans are usually infected through direct contact with the animal reservoir and tick bites. However, tularemia cases also occur after contact with a contaminated hydro-telluric environment. Water-borne tularemia outbreaks and sporadic cases have occurred worldwide in the last decades, with specific clinical and epidemiological traits. These infections represent a major public health and military challenge. Human contaminations have occurred through consumption or use of -contaminated water, and various aquatic activities such as swimming, canyoning and fishing. In addition, in Sweden and Finland, mosquitoes are primary vectors of tularemia due to infection of mosquito larvae in contaminated aquatic environments. The mechanisms of survival in water may include the formation of biofilms, interactions with free-living amoebae, and the transition to a 'viable but nonculturable' state, but the relative contribution of these possible mechanisms remains unknown. Many new aquatic species of have been characterized in recent years. likely shares with these species an ability of long-term survival in the aquatic environment, which has to be considered in terms of tularemia surveillance and control.
是一种革兰氏阴性、细胞内细菌,引起动物传染病土拉热。这种高度传染性的微生物被认为是一种潜在的生物威胁剂。人类通常通过直接接触动物宿主和蜱虫叮咬而感染。然而,在接触受污染的水文环境后,也会发生土拉热病例。在过去几十年中,全世界都发生了水传播土拉热暴发和散发病例,具有特定的临床和流行病学特征。这些感染对公共卫生和军事构成了重大挑战。人类污染是通过食用或使用受污染的水以及各种水上活动(如游泳、峡谷漂流和钓鱼)而发生的。此外,在瑞典和芬兰,由于受污染的水生环境中感染了蚊子幼虫,蚊子是土拉热的主要传播媒介。在水中生存的机制可能包括生物膜的形成、与自由生活的变形虫的相互作用以及向“可生存但不可培养”状态的转变,但这些可能机制的相对贡献仍不清楚。近年来,已经对许多新的水生 种进行了特征描述。 可能与这些物种一样,具有在水生环境中长期生存的能力,这在土拉热监测和控制方面需要加以考虑。