Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Lipová 1789/9, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
Mycorrhiza. 2019 Oct;29(5):413-434. doi: 10.1007/s00572-019-00906-1. Epub 2019 Jul 10.
Dispersal of mycorrhizal fungi via animals and the importance for the interacting partners' life history as well as for ecosystems is an understudied topic. In this review, we describe the available evidence and the most important knowledge gaps and finally suggest ways to gain the missing information. So far, 33 articles have been published proving a successful transfer of mycorrhizal propagules by animals. The vast majority of research on invertebrates was focused on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, whereas papers on vertebrates (mainly rodents and artiodactyls) equally addressed ectomycorrhizal (ECM) and AM fungi. Effective dispersal has been mostly shown by the successful inoculation of bait plants and less commonly by spore staining or germination tests. Based on the available data and general knowledge on animal lifestyles, collembolans and oribatid mites may be important in transporting ECM fungal propagules by ectozoochory, whereas earthworms, isopods, and millipedes could mainly transfer AM fungal spores in their gut systems. ECM fungal distribution may be affected by mycophagous dipterans and their hymenopteran parasitoids, while slugs, snails, and beetles could transport both mycorrhizal groups. Vertebrates feeding on fruit bodies were shown to disperse mainly ECM fungi, while AM fungi are transported mostly accidentally by herbivores. The important knowledge gaps include insufficient information on dispersal of fungal propagules other than spores, the role of invertebrates in the dispersal of mycorrhizal fungi, the way in which propagules pass through food webs, and the spatial distances reached by different dispersal mechanisms both horizontally and vertically.
真菌通过动物的扩散及其对相互作用伙伴的生活史以及生态系统的重要性是一个研究不足的课题。在这篇综述中，我们描述了现有的证据和最重要的知识空白，并最终提出了获取缺失信息的方法。到目前为止，已有 33 篇文章证明了动物可以成功地传递菌根真菌的繁殖体。关于无脊椎动物的绝大多数研究都集中在丛枝菌根（AM）真菌上，而关于脊椎动物（主要是啮齿动物和偶蹄类动物）的论文则同样涉及外生菌根（ECM）和 AM 真菌。有效的扩散主要通过诱饵植物的成功接种来证明，而孢子染色或萌发试验则较少。根据现有数据和关于动物生活方式的一般知识，弹尾目和甲螨可能通过外生菌根真菌的外生菌根传播而成为 ECM 真菌繁殖体的重要传播者，而蚯蚓、等足类动物和倍足类动物则可能主要通过肠道系统传递 AM 真菌孢子。食真菌的双翅目昆虫及其膜翅目寄生蜂可能会影响 ECM 真菌的分布，而蜗牛、蛞蝓和甲虫则可以运输两种菌根真菌。以真菌子实体为食的脊椎动物被证明主要传播 ECM 真菌，而 AM 真菌则主要被草食动物偶然传播。重要的知识空白包括对真菌繁殖体（除孢子外）的扩散信息不足、无脊椎动物在菌根真菌扩散中的作用、繁殖体通过食物网的方式以及不同传播机制在水平和垂直方向上达到的空间距离。
