Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich , Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland.
Biometris , Wageningen University & Research , Droevendaalsesteeg 1 , 6708 PB Wageningen , The Netherlands.
Environ Sci Technol. 2019 Aug 6;53(15):9181-9191. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01749. Epub 2019 Jul 29.
The bisphenols S, F, and AF (BPS, BPF, and BPAF) are used to replace the endocrine disrupting chemical bisphenol A (BPA) while exerting estrogenic effects of comparable potency. We assessed the cumulative risk for the aforementioned BPs in Europe and compared the risk before and after the year 2011, which was when the first BPA restrictions became effective. For this, we probabilistically modeled external exposures from food, personal care products (PCPs), thermal paper, and dust (using the tools MCRA and PACEM for exposures from food and PCPs, respectively). We calculated internal concentrations of unconjugated BPs with substance-specific PBPK models and cumulated these concentrations normalized by estrogenic potency. The resulting mean internal cumulative exposures to unconjugated BPs were 3.8 and 2.1 ng/kg bw/day before and after restrictions, respectively. This decline was mainly caused by the replacement of BPA by BPS in thermal paper and the lower dermal uptake of BPS compared to BPA. However, the decline was not significant: the selected uncertainty intervals overlapped (P2.5-P97.5 uncertainty intervals of 2.7-4.9 and 1.3-6.3 ng/kg bw/day before and after restrictions, respectively). The upper uncertainty bounds for cumulative exposure were higher after restrictions, which reflects the larger uncertainty around exposures to substitutes compared to BPA.
双酚 S、F 和 AF（BPS、BPF 和 BPAF）被用于替代具有类似效力的内分泌干扰化学物质双酚 A（BPA）。我们评估了上述 BPs 在欧洲的累积风险，并比较了 2011 年之前和之后的风险，因为 2011 年首次对 BPA 实施了限制。为此，我们使用 MCRA 和 PACEM 工具分别对食品和个人护理产品（PCP）中的外暴露进行了概率建模，并对热纸和灰尘中的外暴露进行了概率建模。我们使用特定物质的 PBPK 模型计算了未结合 BPs 的内部浓度，并将这些浓度按雌激素效力进行了归一化。限制前后，未结合 BPs 的平均内部累积暴露量分别为 3.8 和 2.1 ng/kg bw/day。这种下降主要是由于热纸中 BPA 被 BPS 取代以及与 BPA 相比 BPS 的皮肤吸收较低所致。然而，下降并不显著：选择的不确定性区间重叠（限制前后的 2.7-4.9 和 1.3-6.3 ng/kg bw/day 的 P2.5-P97.5 不确定性区间）。限制后累积暴露的上限不确定性更高，这反映了与 BPA 相比，替代品暴露的不确定性更大。
