ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.
Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Division of Environmental Epidemiology (EEPI), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia.
Environ Int. 2019 Oct;131:104962. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104962. Epub 2019 Jul 10.
Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has the highest proportion of people using unclean fuels for household energy, which can result in products of incomplete combustion that are damaging for health. Black carbon (BC) is a useful marker of inefficient combustion-related particles; however, ambient air quality data and temporal patterns of personal exposure to BC in SSA are scarce. We measured ambient elemental carbon (EC), comparable to BC, and personal exposure to BC in women of childbearing age from a semi-rural area of southern Mozambique. We measured ambient EC over one year (2014-2015) using a high-volume sampler and an off-line thermo-optical-transmission method. We simultaneously measured 5-min resolved 24-h personal BC using a portable MicroAeth (AE51) in 202 women. We used backwards stepwise linear regression to identify predictors of log-transformed 24-h mean and peak (90th percentile) personal BC exposure. We analyzed data from 187 non-smoking women aged 16-46 years. While daily mean ambient EC reached moderate levels (0.9 μg/m, Standard Deviation, SD: 0.6 μg/m), daily mean personal BC reached high levels (15 μg/m, SD: 19 μg/m). Daily patterns of personal exposure revealed a peak between 6 and 7 pm (>35 μg/m), attributable to kerosene-based lighting. Key determinants of mean and peak personal exposure to BC were lighting source, kitchen type, ambient EC levels, and temperature. This study highlights the important contribution of lighting sources to personal exposure to combustion particles in populations that lack access to clean household energy.
撒哈拉以南非洲（SSA）有最高比例的人使用不清洁的燃料来获取家庭能源，这可能导致不完全燃烧的产物对健康造成损害。黑碳（BC）是一种与低效燃烧有关的颗粒的有用标志物；然而，SSA 地区的环境空气质量数据和个人暴露于 BC 的时间模式却很少。我们测量了来自莫桑比克南部一个半农村地区育龄妇女的环境元素碳（EC），它与 BC 相当，以及个人暴露于 BC 的情况。我们使用高容量采样器和离线热光传输方法，在一年（2014-2015 年）内测量环境 EC。我们同时在 202 名妇女中使用便携式 MicroAeth（AE51）测量了 5 分钟分辨率的 24 小时个人 BC。我们使用向后逐步线性回归来确定预测 24 小时平均和峰值（第 90 个百分位数）个人 BC 暴露的对数变换的因素。我们分析了 187 名年龄在 16-46 岁之间、不吸烟的女性的数据。虽然每日平均环境 EC 达到中等水平（0.9μg/m，标准偏差，SD：0.6μg/m），但每日平均个人 BC 达到高水平（15μg/m，SD：19μg/m）。个人暴露的日常模式显示下午 6 点至 7 点之间有一个峰值（>35μg/m），这归因于煤油照明。BC 平均和峰值个人暴露的主要决定因素是照明源、厨房类型、环境 EC 水平和温度。这项研究强调了缺乏清洁家庭能源的人群中，照明源对个人暴露于燃烧颗粒的重要贡献。
