Kumar Prashanth Suresh, Korving Leon, van Loosdrecht Mark C M, Witkamp Geert-Jan
Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands.
Department of Biotechnology, Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Building 58, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629, HZ, Delft, the Netherlands.
Water Res X. 2019 Apr 6;4:100029. doi: 10.1016/j.wroa.2019.100029. eCollection 2019 Aug 1.
Eutrophication and the resulting formation of harmful algal blooms (HAB) causes huge economic and environmental damages. Phosphorus (P) from sewage effluent and agricultural run-off has been identified as a major cause for eutrophication. Phosphorous concentrations greater than 100 μg P/L are usually considered high enough to cause eutrophication. The strictest regulations however aim to restrict the concentration below 10 μg P/L. Orthophosphate (or phosphate) is the bioavailable form of phosphorus. Adsorption is often suggested as technology to reduce phosphate to concentrations less than 100 and even 10 μg P/L with the advantages of a low-footprint, minimal waste generation and the option to recover the phosphate. Although many studies report on phosphate adsorption, there is insufficient information regarding parameters that are necessary to evaluate its application on a large scale. This review discusses the main parameters that affect the economics of phosphate adsorption and highlights the research gaps. A scenario and sensitivity analysis shows the importance of adsorbent regeneration and reuse. The cost of phosphate adsorption using reusable porous metal oxide is in the range of $ 100 to 200/Kg P for reducing the phosphate to ultra-low concentrations. Future research needs to focus on adsorption capacity at low phosphate concentrations, regeneration and reuse of both the adsorbent and the regeneration liquid.
富营养化以及由此导致的有害藻华（HAB）的形成造成了巨大的经济和环境破坏。污水排放和农业径流中的磷（P）已被确定为富营养化的主要原因。磷浓度大于100μg P/L通常被认为足以导致富营养化。然而，最严格的法规旨在将浓度限制在10μg P/L以下。正磷酸盐（或磷酸盐）是磷的生物可利用形式。吸附通常被认为是一种将磷酸盐浓度降低到低于100甚至10μg P/L的技术，具有占地面积小、废物产生量少以及可以回收磷酸盐的优点。尽管许多研究报告了磷酸盐吸附情况，但关于评估其大规模应用所需参数的信息不足。本综述讨论了影响磷酸盐吸附经济性的主要参数，并突出了研究空白。情景分析和敏感性分析表明了吸附剂再生和再利用的重要性。使用可重复使用的多孔金属氧化物进行磷酸盐吸附的成本，对于将磷酸盐降低到超低浓度而言，在每千克磷100至200美元的范围内。未来的研究需要关注低磷酸盐浓度下的吸附容量、吸附剂和再生液的再生与再利用。
