Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
Integr Environ Assess Manag. 2020 Jan;16(1):10-16. doi: 10.1002/ieam.4197. Epub 2019 Oct 18.
Titanium dioxide (TiO ) has been widely applied in personal care products (PCPs), with up to 36% of TiO in PCPs is present at the nanoscale. Due to the large quantity produced and the wide application of TiO , there is a great potential for human exposure through various routes and therefore a great potential to elicit adverse impacts. This work utilizes a social survey to generate information and estimate TiO (bulk and nanoparticle [NP]) exposure to individuals through the daily use of PCPs. Households in the Madison, Wisconsin, USA metropolitan area were surveyed about their PCP usage. Survey results were then combined with usage patterns and TiO content in each PCP category to estimate human exposures. Results indicate sunscreen and toothpaste are major contributors to TiO dermal exposure. The estimated daily dermal route of exposure ranges from 2.8 to 21.4 mg TiO per person per day. Toothpaste has the potential to be ingested though the oral route; 0.15 to 3.9 mg TiO per day were estimated to be ingested when 10% toothpaste ingestion was assumed. The results generated in the present case study are generalizable in predicting individual TiO exposure from PCPs when the usage pattern is available. In addition, this study can be further used for risk assessment and to refine the use of TiO in PCPs. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019;00:1-7. © 2019 SETAC.
二氧化钛（TiO ）已广泛应用于个人护理产品（PCPs），PCPs 中高达 36%的 TiO 为纳米级。由于 TiO 的大量生产和广泛应用，人们通过各种途径接触 TiO 的可能性很大，因此可能会产生不良影响。本研究利用社会调查来获取信息，并通过个人每天使用 PCP 来估计 TiO（块状和纳米颗粒[NP]）的暴露情况。美国威斯康星州麦迪逊市的家庭被调查了他们 PCP 的使用情况。然后将调查结果与每种 PCP 类别的使用模式和 TiO 含量结合起来，以估计人体暴露情况。结果表明防晒霜和牙膏是导致 TiO 皮肤暴露的主要原因。估计的每日皮肤暴露途径为每人每天 2.8 至 21.4 毫克 TiO 。牙膏有可能通过口腔途径被摄入；当假设 10%的牙膏被摄入时，每天估计会摄入 0.15 至 3.9 毫克 TiO 。在本案例研究中生成的结果可用于预测个人从 PCP 中获得的 TiO 暴露情况，只要有使用模式即可。此外，本研究可进一步用于风险评估和改进 PCP 中 TiO 的使用。综合环境评估与管理 2019；00:1-7。©2019 SETAC。
