Department of Experimental Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Faculty of Education and Psychology, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain.
Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2022 Feb 23;37(2):365-375. doi: 10.1093/arclin/acab056.
Phonological and semantic verbal fluency (VF) tasks are frequently used to assess language and executive functions in both clinical and research settings. F, A, and S are the most commonly used letters in phonological tasks across languages and cultures. Unfortunately, the lack of norms for the native Spanish population for these letters, and for certain semantic categories such as "proper names," may lead to misinterpretation of scores due to demographic differences. The aim of the present study was to provide normative data for F, A, and S and for "proper names," "animals," and "fruits and vegetables" for the native Spanish population.
257 healthy subjects took part in the study (ages: 17-100 years, 3-20 years of education). Correlation, multiple regression, and t-tests were used to select the most appropriate variables for stratification.
Education was the best predictor of performance in all tasks, followed by age. Given that t-test results showed no differences related to gender, with the only exception of the semantic category "animals," this variable was not considered for stratification. Consequently, the data were stratified in two education levels (<13, ≥13 years of education) and in two age levels (<60, ≥60) within the low-educational level group. Mean, standard deviation, and percentile scores for each group are provided.
The present norms provide a reference for clinicians assessing VF. This data may also facilitate comparisons with other normative studies in cross-cultural and cross-linguistic research.
语音和语义流畅性（VF）任务常用于评估临床和研究环境中的语言和执行功能。在不同语言和文化中，字母 F、A 和 S 是语音任务中最常用的字母。然而，由于缺乏针对母语为西班牙语人群的这些字母和某些语义类别（如“专有名词”）的常模，可能会由于人口统计学差异导致对分数的误解。本研究旨在为母语为西班牙语人群提供 F、A 和 S 以及“专有名词”、“动物”和“水果和蔬菜”的常模数据。
257 名健康受试者参与了这项研究（年龄：17-100 岁，受教育年限：3-20 年）。采用相关分析、多元回归和 t 检验选择最合适的变量进行分层。
教育是所有任务表现的最佳预测因素，其次是年龄。鉴于 t 检验结果显示性别与测试结果无差异，除了语义类别“动物”外，因此未将此变量用于分层。因此，数据在低教育水平组中按两个教育水平（<13 年，≥13 年教育）和两个年龄水平（<60 岁，≥60 岁）进行分层。为每个组提供了平均值、标准差和百分位数分数。
本常模为评估 VF 的临床医生提供了参考。这些数据还可能有助于在跨文化和跨语言研究中与其他常模研究进行比较。
