Refinement and Rescoring of Virtual Screening Results.

High-throughput docking is an established computational screening approach in drug design. This methodology enables a rapid identification of biologically active hit compounds, providing an efficient and cost-effective complement or alternative to experimental high-throughput screenings. However, limitations inherent to the methodology make docking results inevitably approximate. Two major Achille's heels include the use of approximated scoring functions and the limited sampling of the ligand-target complexes. Therefore, docking results require careful evaluation and further post-docking analyses. In this article, we will overview our approach to post-docking analysis in virtual screenings. BEAR (Binding Estimation After Refinement) was developed as a post-docking processing tool that refines docking poses by means of molecular dynamics (MD) and then rescores the ligands based on more accurate scoring functions (MM-PB(GB)SA). The tool has been validated and used prospectively in drug discovery applications. Future directions regarding refinement and rescoring in virtual screening are discussed.