Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", México City 14080, Mexico.
Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", México City 14080, Mexico.
Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Jul 26;20(15):3657. doi: 10.3390/ijms20153657.
Obesity is considered to significantly increase the risk of the development of a vast range of metabolic diseases. However, adipogenesis is a complex physiological process, necessary to sequester lipids effectively to avoid lipotoxicity in other tissues, like the liver, heart, muscle, essential for maintaining metabolic homeostasis and has a crucial role as a component of the innate immune system, far beyond than only being an inert mass of energy storage. In pathophysiological conditions, adipogenesis promotes a pro-inflammatory state, angiogenesis and the release of adipokines, which become dangerous to health. It results in a hypoxic state, causing oxidative stress and the synthesis and release of harmful free fatty acids. In this review, we try to explain the mechanisms occurring at the breaking point, at which adipogenesis leads to an uncontrolled lipotoxicity. This review highlights the types of adipose tissue and their functions, their way of storing lipids until a critical point, which is associated with hypoxia, inflammation, insulin resistance as well as lipodystrophy and adipogenesis modulation by Krüppel-like factors and miRNAs.
肥胖被认为会显著增加罹患各种代谢性疾病的风险。然而，脂肪生成是一个复杂的生理过程，需要有效地隔离脂肪，以避免肝脏、心脏、肌肉等其他组织的脂毒性，这对维持代谢稳态至关重要，并且作为先天免疫系统的一部分具有重要作用，远远超出了仅仅作为惰性储能物质的作用。在病理生理条件下，脂肪生成会促进炎症状态、血管生成和脂肪因子的释放，这些都会对健康造成危害。这会导致缺氧状态，引起氧化应激以及有害游离脂肪酸的合成和释放。在这篇综述中，我们试图解释脂肪生成导致失控性脂毒性的临界点所发生的机制。这篇综述强调了不同类型的脂肪组织及其功能，它们储存脂肪的方式，直到与缺氧、炎症、胰岛素抵抗以及脂肪营养不良和 Krüppel 样因子和 miRNA 对脂肪生成的调节相关的临界点。
