Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Center for International Studies (CEI-IUL), Avenida das Forças Armadas, 1649-026, Lisbon, Portugal.
Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Centre for Studies and Research in Sociology (CIES-IUL), Lisbon, Portugal.
J Gambl Stud. 2020 Mar;36(1):161-181. doi: 10.1007/s10899-019-09880-x.
The growth of the online sports betting market has generated new risk areas and threats to sport integrity, such as match-fixing. In recent years, institutional concern to fight against the phenomenon has been intensified and a set of countermeasures has been adopted. One of the most widely implemented measures to protect integrity in sport is to ban athletes and sports players from betting on the competitions in which they are involved. In some countries, such as Portugal, this practice has become a crime under the new legislation. Despite the legal and sporting restrictions and the prevention programmes carried out for sport institutions to explain the gambling rules, there are many athletes who are putting bets on their own competitions and even in their own games. Through interviews with key informant actors and ethnographic fieldwork, this article describes betting patterns among sports actors in Portugal and explains the perceptions and incentives that lead them to bet in their own sports, competitions and games. The results show different conceptions of integrity between the normative discourse on legal and sport governance institutions and sports actors' opinion, essentially, the premise that suggest a direct link between betting on one's own games and manipulation of these games. In some cases, betting in one's own games helps to strengthen fair play values. However, the spreading of online betting, together with the perception of inefficient controls in the implementation of sporting and legal regulations, creates opportunity structures for fixing matches and taking financial profit though gambling activities.
在线体育博彩市场的增长给体育诚信带来了新的风险领域和威胁，例如操纵比赛。近年来，机构对打击这一现象的关注有所加剧，并采取了一系列对策。保护体育诚信最广泛实施的措施之一是禁止运动员和体育选手对他们参与的比赛进行投注。在一些国家，例如葡萄牙，这种做法已成为新立法下的犯罪。尽管存在法律和体育方面的限制以及为体育机构制定的赌博规则预防计划，但仍有许多运动员对自己的比赛甚至自己的比赛进行投注。本文通过对关键知情人士的采访和民族志实地调查，描述了葡萄牙体育参与者的投注模式，并解释了导致他们在自己的运动、比赛和游戏中下注的看法和动机。结果表明，在法律和体育治理机构的规范话语与体育参与者的看法之间存在着对诚信的不同理解，本质上，这一前提假设了在自己的比赛中下注与操纵这些比赛之间存在直接联系。在某些情况下，在自己的比赛中下注有助于加强公平竞争价值观。然而，在线博彩的普及，以及对体育和法律法规执行不力的看法，为操纵比赛和通过赌博活动获取经济利益创造了机会结构。
