Urcelay Gonzalo P, Jonkman Sietse
Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Behaviour.
Sarepta Therapeutics.
J Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn. 2019 Oct;45(4):413-421. doi: 10.1037/xan0000221. Epub 2019 Aug 1.
The transition from goal-directed to habitual forms of instrumental behavior is determined by variables such as the amount of training, schedules of reinforcement, the availability of choices, and exposure to drugs of abuse. Less is known about the control of goal-directed behavior when reinforcement is delayed rather than immediate. In these experiments, we investigated in rats the role of response-outcome contiguity on the control of goal-directed action, assessed through satiety-specific outcome devaluation tests. In Experiment 1 using a within-subjects design we observed goal-directed behavior after 6 days of FR1 training when the outcome was presented immediately following the lever press, but not when it was delayed for 20 s, revealing habit formation with delayed outcomes. Experiment 2 revealed that the habitual control observed with 20-s delays of reinforcement can be prevented if, immediately before each instrumental training session, the rats were exposed to the experimental context in the absence of both the lever and reinforcement. In summary, these experiments suggest that response-outcome contiguity plays an important role in the control of goal-directed actions and habits. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
从目标导向型到习惯性工具性行为形式的转变，是由训练量、强化时间表、选择的可获得性以及接触滥用药物等变量所决定的。对于强化延迟而非即时的情况下目标导向行为的控制，人们了解得较少。在这些实验中，我们通过饱腹感特异性结果贬值测试，研究了大鼠中反应-结果连续性在目标导向行为控制中的作用。在实验1中，采用被试内设计，当在压杆后立即呈现结果时，我们在FR1训练6天后观察到了目标导向行为，但当结果延迟20秒时则未观察到，这表明延迟结果会形成习惯。实验2表明，如果在每次工具性训练前，让大鼠在没有杠杆和强化物的情况下暴露于实验环境中，那么可以防止出现强化延迟20秒时所观察到的习惯性控制。总之，这些实验表明反应-结果连续性在目标导向行为和习惯的控制中起着重要作用。（《心理学文摘数据库记录》（c）2019美国心理学会，保留所有权利）
