Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.
Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.
J Exp Anal Behav. 2024 Jan;121(1):8-26. doi: 10.1002/jeab.889. Epub 2023 Nov 27.
Habits have garnered significant interest in studies of associative learning and maladaptive behavior. However, habit research has faced scrutiny and challenges related to the definitions and methods. Differences in the conceptualizations of habits between animal and human studies create difficulties for translational research. Here, we review the definitions and commonly used methods for studying habits in animals and humans and discuss potential alternative ways to assess habits, such as automaticity. To better understand habits, we then focus on the behavioral factors that have been shown to make or break habits in animals, as well as potential mechanisms underlying the influence of these factors. We discuss the evidence that habitual and goal-directed systems learn in parallel and that they seem to interact in competitive and cooperative manners. Finally, we draw parallels between habitual responding and compulsive drug seeking in animals to delineate the similarities and differences in these behaviors.
习惯在联想学习和适应不良行为的研究中引起了广泛关注。然而，习惯研究一直面临着与定义和方法相关的审查和挑战。动物和人类研究中对习惯的概念化存在差异，这给转化研究带来了困难。在这里，我们回顾了在动物和人类中研究习惯的定义和常用方法，并讨论了评估习惯的潜在替代方法，例如自动性。为了更好地理解习惯，我们专注于已经证明在动物中形成或打破习惯的行为因素，以及这些因素影响的潜在机制。我们讨论了习惯和目标导向系统并行学习的证据，以及它们似乎以竞争和合作的方式相互作用的证据。最后，我们将动物中的习惯性反应和强迫性药物寻求进行类比，以阐明这些行为的相似性和差异。
