Belsky Joseph, Joshi Neelendra K
Department of Entomology, University of Arkansas, 319 Agricultural Building, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
Insects. 2019 Aug 1;10(8):233. doi: 10.3390/insects10080233.
Large-scale declines in bee abundance and species richness over the last decade have sounded an alarm, given the crucial pollination services that bees provide. Population dips have specifically been noted for both managed and feral bee species. The simultaneous increased cultivation of bee-dependent agricultural crops has given rise to additional concern. As a result, there has been a surge in scientific research investigating the potential stressors impacting bees. A group of environmental and anthropogenic stressors negatively impacting bees has been isolated. Habitat destruction has diminished the availability of bee floral resources and nest habitats, while massive monoculture plantings have limited bee access to a variety of pollens and nectars. The rapid spread and increased resistance buildup of various bee parasites, pathogens, and pests to current control methods are implicated in deteriorating bee health. Similarly, many pesticides that are widely applied on agricultural crops and within beehives are toxic to bees. The global distribution of honey bee colonies (including queens with attendant bees) and bumble bee colonies from crop to crop for pollination events has been linked with increased pathogen stress and increased competition with native bee species for limited resources. Climatic alterations have disrupted synchronous bee emergence with flower blooming and reduced the availability of diverse floral resources, leading to bee physiological adaptations. Interactions amongst multiple stressors have created colossal maladies hitting bees at one time, and in some cases delivering additive impacts. Initiatives including the development of wild flower plantings and assessment of pesticide toxicity to bees have been undertaken in efforts to ameliorate current bee declines. In this review, recent findings regarding the impact of these stressors on bees and strategies for mitigating them are discussed.
鉴于蜜蜂提供的至关重要的授粉服务，过去十年间蜜蜂数量和物种丰富度的大规模下降已敲响警钟。无论是人工养殖的蜜蜂还是野生蜜蜂，其数量均出现了明显下降。与此同时，依赖蜜蜂授粉的农作物种植面积不断增加，这引发了更多关注。因此，对影响蜜蜂的潜在压力源进行调查的科学研究激增。一组对蜜蜂产生负面影响的环境和人为压力源已被识别出来。栖息地破坏减少了蜜蜂的花卉资源和巢穴栖息地，而大规模的单一作物种植限制了蜜蜂获取各种花粉和花蜜的机会。各种蜜蜂寄生虫、病原体和害虫对当前控制方法的迅速传播和抗药性增强，与蜜蜂健康状况恶化有关。同样，许多广泛应用于农作物和蜂箱内的农药对蜜蜂有毒。为授粉活动在不同作物间迁移的蜜蜂蜂群（包括蜂王及侍从蜂）的全球分布，与病原体压力增加以及与本土蜜蜂物种争夺有限资源的竞争加剧有关。气候变化打乱了蜜蜂与花朵盛开的同步出现，并减少了多样花卉资源的可获取性，导致蜜蜂出现生理适应性变化。多种压力源之间的相互作用一次给蜜蜂带来了巨大的危害，在某些情况下还产生了叠加影响。人们已采取了包括种植野花和评估农药对蜜蜂毒性在内的举措，以缓解当前蜜蜂数量下降的趋势。在这篇综述中，将讨论这些压力源对蜜蜂的影响以及减轻其影响的策略的最新研究发现。
