Department of Civil Engineering, Hussaini Adamu Federal Polytechnic, P. M. B 5004, Kazaure, Jigawa State, Nigeria.
Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cyprus International University, 10, Mersin, Nicosia, Turkey.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2019 Oct;26(28):28993-29002. doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-06028-7. Epub 2019 Aug 6.
The consequence of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks of the heavy metal concentrations in street dust of North Cyprus is yet to be reported. This study is aimed at investigating the concentration of six different heavy metals' concentration explicitly: As, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, and Pb, along leading highways in Nicosia. The result obtained was analyzed using an X-ray fluorescent machine. Multivariate and statistical methods were applied for the data analysis using xlstat MS-excel; furthermore, index of geo-accumulation (Igeo) and human health risk assessment using exposure pathways as defined by United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) pollution mode were also used for level assessment and health risk implications. The average (M ± SD) concentrations of the metals in the dust are as follows: As (17.48 ± 1.53 mg/kg), Cu (51.86 ± 8.60 mg/kg), Cr (321.14 ± 8.20 mg/kg), Pb (35.62 ± 8.54 mg/kg), Ni (64.79 ± 8.72 mg/kg), and Zn (136.13 ± 30.85 mg/kg). Variation coefficient, Vc, and principle component analysis (PCA) suggested that As, Cr, Ni, and Pb have same source of pollution emission from both natural and anthropogenic activities, Zn from traffic emission while Cu from natural source. However, the result was compared with other nearby towns bordering North Cyprus; all the metal shows similar pattern of pollution with the exception of Cr which is 5 and 11 times higher than street dust of Amman (Jordan) and Tokat (Turkey), respectively. Additionally, Igeo result has the following decreasing order: Zn > Cr > Pb > Ni > Cu > As and also revealed that the As, Cu, and Ni have originated from natural source. Cr has mix source: one from traffic and the other one from atmospheric deposition. Also, Pb is emitted from industrial pollution, whereas 80% of Zn are from traffic-related emissions. The non-carcinogenic health risk (hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI)) follows the order Cr > As>Ni > Pb > Zn > Cu for children and adults. It is found that the HI of As, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn is less one; hence, the street dust does not exhibit non-carcinogenic health risk. But that of Cr content is greater than one, with HI values of Cr 1.44E+02 and 1.55E+01 for children and adults, respectively. The result for carcinogenic health risk (total cancer risk (TCR)) has the following order: Pb (1.42E-05) > Cr (4.81E-09) > (Ni 1.35E-09) > As (1.96E-10). With all the values less than threshed hole limit of TCR ≥ 10, street dust does not possess carcinogenic health risk for the entire values of six heavy metals considered in this work.
北塞浦路斯街头尘埃中重金属浓度的致癌和非致癌健康风险的后果尚未报道。本研究旨在调查六种不同重金属浓度：砷、铜、锌、镍、铬和铅，沿尼科西亚主要公路的浓度。使用 X 射线荧光机分析所得结果。使用 xlstat MS-excel 中的多元统计和统计方法对数据进行分析；此外，还使用美国环境保护署 (USEPA) 污染模式定义的暴露途径进行了地质累积指数 (Igeo) 和人体健康风险评估，以评估水平和健康风险影响。尘埃中金属的平均（M ± SD）浓度如下：砷（17.48 ± 1.53 mg/kg）、铜（51.86 ± 8.60 mg/kg）、铬（321.14 ± 8.20 mg/kg）、铅（35.62 ± 8.54 mg/kg）、镍（64.79 ± 8.72 mg/kg）和锌（136.13 ± 30.85 mg/kg）。变异系数（Vc）和主成分分析（PCA）表明，砷、铬、镍和铅具有相同的污染排放源，来自自然和人为活动，锌来自交通排放，而铜来自自然源。然而，将结果与北塞浦路斯附近的其他城镇进行比较；所有金属都显示出类似的污染模式，除了铬，铬分别是阿曼（约旦）和托卡特（土耳其）街头尘埃的 5 倍和 11 倍。此外，Igeo 结果的顺序为：Zn > Cr > Pb > Ni > Cu > As，结果还表明，As、Cu 和 Ni 源自自然源。Cr 有混合来源：一个来自交通，另一个来自大气沉降。此外，Pb 来自工业污染，而 80%的 Zn 来自与交通相关的排放。非致癌健康风险（危害商数 (HQ) 和健康指数 (HI)）对儿童和成人的顺序为 Cr > As>Ni > Pb > Zn > Cu。结果表明，As、Cu、Ni、Pb 和 Zn 的 HI 均小于 1；因此，街头尘埃不会产生非致癌健康风险。但是 Cr 的含量大于 1，Cr 的 HI 值分别为儿童和成人的 1.44E+02 和 1.55E+01。致癌健康风险（总癌症风险 (TCR)) 的结果如下：Pb (1.42E-05) > Cr (4.81E-09) > (Ni 1.35E-09) > As (1.96E-10)。所有值均低于 TCR ≥ 10 的阈值，因此，对于本工作中考虑的六种重金属的所有值，街头尘埃不具有致癌健康风险。
