Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group.
Motor Behavior Laboratory.
Psychol Bull. 2019 Oct;145(10):980-1027. doi: 10.1037/bul0000207. Epub 2019 Aug 15.
Perceptual-cognitive skills enable an individual to integrate environmental information with existing knowledge to be able to process stimuli and execute appropriate responses on complex tasks. Various underlying processes could explain how perceptual-cognitive skills impact on expert performance, as articulated in three theoretical accounts: (a) the long-term working memory theory, which argues that experts are able to encode and retrieve visual information from long-term working memory more than less experienced counterparts; (b) the information-reduction hypothesis, which suggests that experts can optimize the amount of information processed by selectively allocating their attentional resources to task relevant stimuli and ignore irrelevant stimuli; and (c) the holistic model of image perception, which proposes that experts are able to extract visual information from distal and para-foveal regions, allowing more efficient global-local processing of the scene. In this systematic review, we examine the validity of the aforementioned theories based on gaze features associated with the proposed processes. The information-reduction hypothesis was supported in most studies, except in medicine where the holistic model of image perception garners stronger support. These results indicate that selectively allocating attention toward important task-related information is the most important skill developed in experts across domains, whereas expertise in medicine is reflected more in an extended visual span. Large discrepancies in the outcomes of the papers reviewed suggest that there is not one theory that fits all domains of expertise. The review provides some essential building blocks, however, to help synthesize theoretical concepts across expertise domains. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
感知认知技能使个体能够将环境信息与现有知识相结合，以便能够在复杂任务中处理刺激并执行适当的反应。各种潜在的过程可以解释感知认知技能如何影响专家表现，这在三个理论解释中得到了阐述：（a）长期工作记忆理论，该理论认为专家能够比经验较少的人更多地从长期工作记忆中编码和检索视觉信息；（b）信息简化假说，该假说表明专家可以通过有选择地将注意力资源分配给与任务相关的刺激并忽略不相关的刺激来优化处理的信息量；（c）整体图像感知模型，该模型提出专家能够从远距离和旁视网膜区域提取视觉信息，从而更有效地全局-局部处理场景。在本系统评价中，我们根据与提出的过程相关的注视特征来检验上述理论的有效性。除了医学领域，信息简化假说在大多数研究中得到了支持，而整体图像感知模型则得到了更强的支持。这些结果表明，有选择地将注意力集中在与任务相关的重要信息上是各个领域专家发展的最重要技能，而医学专业知识则反映在更广泛的视觉范围上。回顾论文的结果存在很大差异，表明没有一个理论适用于所有领域的专业知识。然而，该综述提供了一些基本的构建块，有助于综合不同专业领域的理论概念。（PsycINFO 数据库记录（c）2019 APA，保留所有权利）。
