Department of Psychology and Neuroscience.
Lilly Family School of Philanthropy.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2020 Jul;119(1):40-74. doi: 10.1037/pspi0000202. Epub 2019 Aug 15.
We propose a novel theoretical and empirical approach to studying group-level social functions of emotions and use it to make new predictions about social consequences of gratitude. Here, we document the : In social groups, emotional expressions are often observed by third-party witnesses-family members, coworkers, friends, and neighbors. Emotional expressions coordinate group living by changing third-party witnesses' behavior toward first-party emotion expressers and toward second-party people to whom emotion is expressed. In 8 experiments ( = 1,817), we test this for gratitude, hypothesizing that third-party witnesses will be more helpful and affiliative toward a first party who expressed gratitude to a second party, as well as toward the second party, and why. In Experiments 1-3, participants who witnessed a "thank you" in 1 line of text, expressed to someone who previously helped the grateful person, were themselves more helpful toward the grateful person. In Experiment 4, witnesses of gratitude expressed to someone else via video recording subsequently self-disclosed more to the grateful person, and in Experiment 5 wanted to affiliate more with the grateful person the person toward whom gratitude was expressed. Experiments 6-8 used within-subjects designs to test hypothesized behavioral and social-perceptual mechanisms for these effects, with videos of real gratitude expressions. Gratitude may help build multiple relationships within a social network directly and simultaneously. By specifying proximal interpersonal mechanisms for reverberating consequences of 1 person's communicated emotion, the present work advances theory on the group-level functions of emotions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
我们提出了一种新颖的理论和实证方法来研究群体层面的情感社会功能，并利用它对感激之情的社会后果做出新的预测。在这里，我们记录了以下内容：在社交群体中，情感表达经常被第三方证人——家庭成员、同事、朋友和邻居观察到。情感表达通过改变第三方证人对第一方情感表达者和被表达情感的第二方的行为，协调群体生活。在 8 项实验中（n=1817），我们对感激之情进行了测试，假设第三方证人会对向第二方表达感激之情的第一方以及第二方更加乐于助人、更具亲和力，以及原因。在实验 1-3 中，参与者在 1 行文本中看到“谢谢”后，会对之前帮助过感激者的人表示感谢，他们自己也会对感激者更加乐于助人。在实验 4 中，通过视频记录对他人表示感激的证人随后对感激者自我披露更多信息，而在实验 5 中，他们更希望与感激者建立联系——即感激之情所指向的人。实验 6-8 使用了内隐设计来测试这些影响的假设行为和社会感知机制，使用了真实感激表达的视频。感激之情可能会直接且同时帮助在社交网络中建立多种关系。通过指定一个人传达的情感的人际间近因机制，本研究推进了关于情绪的群体功能的理论。（PsycInfo 数据库记录（c）2020 APA，保留所有权利）。
