Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada.
Curr Opin Psychol. 2020 Jun;33:110-114. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.07.014. Epub 2019 Jul 15.
No matter what rung someone holds on the social ladder, they are likely to experience better health and happiness than those below them in the hierarchy and poorer health and happiness than those above. Social gradients have been found for cardiovascular, respiratory, rheumatoid, and psychiatric disease as well as mortality from all causes. These findings are often mediated by subjective social status, defined as a person's perceptions of their place in the social structure. Social gradients have also been found for happiness, which seems to be affected by sociometric status (i.e. being respected by others) more than by socioeconomic status (e.g. income). I conclude by considering the extent to which social hierarchies scaffold the fulfillment of people's basic psychological needs.
无论一个人在社会阶层中处于什么位置，他们都可能比处于他们之下的人拥有更好的健康和幸福感，而比处于他们之上的人拥有更差的健康和幸福感。社会梯度已经在心血管、呼吸、类风湿和精神疾病以及所有原因导致的死亡率方面得到了发现。这些发现通常是通过主观社会地位来调节的，主观社会地位是指一个人对自己在社会结构中所处位置的感知。幸福感也存在社会梯度，这似乎更多地受到社会计量地位（即被他人尊重）的影响，而不是受社会经济地位（如收入）的影响。最后，我考虑了社会等级制度在多大程度上为满足人们的基本心理需求提供了支撑。
