Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA; email:
Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63103, USA.
Annu Rev Genet. 2019 Dec 3;53:195-215. doi: 10.1146/annurev-genet-112618-043545. Epub 2019 Aug 19.
Plant genomes interact when genetically distinct individuals join, or are joined, together. Individuals can fuse in three contexts: artificial grafts, natural grafts, and host-parasite interactions. Artificial grafts have been studied for decades and are important platforms for studying the movement of RNA, DNA, and protein. Yet several mysteries about artificial grafts remain, including the factors that contribute to graft incompatibility, the prevalence of genetic and epigenetic modifications caused by exchanges between graft partners, and the long-term effects of these modifications on phenotype. Host-parasite interactions also lead to the exchange of materials, and RNA exchange actively contributes to an ongoing arms race between parasite virulence and host resistance. Little is known about natural grafts except that they can be frequent and may provide opportunities for evolutionary innovation through genome exchange. In this review, we survey our current understanding about these three mechanisms of contact, the genomic interactions that result, and the potential evolutionary implications.
当具有遗传差异的个体结合或连接在一起时，植物基因组会发生相互作用。个体可以在三种情况下融合：人工嫁接、自然嫁接和宿主-寄生虫相互作用。人工嫁接已经研究了几十年，是研究 RNA、DNA 和蛋白质运动的重要平台。然而，人工嫁接仍存在一些未解之谜，包括导致嫁接不兼容的因素、嫁接伙伴之间交换引起的遗传和表观遗传修饰的普遍性，以及这些修饰对表型的长期影响。宿主-寄生虫相互作用也会导致物质交换，而 RNA 交换积极促进寄生虫毒力和宿主抗性之间的持续军备竞赛。除了知道它们可能很频繁，并可能通过基因组交换提供进化创新的机会外，人们对自然嫁接知之甚少。在这篇综述中，我们调查了我们目前对这三种接触机制、由此产生的基因组相互作用以及潜在进化意义的理解。
