Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam Public Health research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Ophthalmology, Elkerliek Hospital, Helmond, The Netherlands.
Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2019 Sep;39(5):378-391. doi: 10.1111/opo.12642. Epub 2019 Aug 29.
The Participation and Activity Inventory for Children and Youth 3-6 years (PAI-CY 3-6) was recently developed to assess the participation needs of children with visual impairment (VI) by means of parent-proxy report. This study reports on its psychometric properties.
Parents of children aged 3-6 years registered at two low vision rehabilitation centers in the Netherlands were invited to participate and completed the 52-item PAI-CY. Satisfaction with the PAI-CY 3-6 was determined using an evaluation form. Basic item analyses was conducted, after which an item response theory (IRT) model (i.e. the graded response model, GRM) was fitted. Deletion of items was informed by results of item analyses, fulfillment of IRT assumptions, differential item functioning, fit to the GRM and item information content. Face and content validity were considered; professionals from low vision rehabilitation centers were asked for their opinion in the item deletion process. After obtaining a satisfactory set of items, known-group validity, concurrent validity and test-retest reliability were also investigated.
Data of 237 parents were included in the analyses. Various aspects of the PAI-CY 3-6 were perceived as neutral to positive by over 85% of the respondents. After removing 17 items, the remaining 35 items reflected satisfactory fit to the GRM. Known-group validity was supported, since participants with more severe VI and comorbidity scored significantly worse than those with less severe VI and without comorbidity after correcting for potential confounders. Test-retest reliability was adequate, and the PAI-CY showed to have good concurrent validity. Feedback from professionals motivated the maintenance of 3 of the 17 deleted items, although not included in the scoring. Furthermore, two new items were added, resulting in a 40-item instrument.
The PAI-CY 3-6 has sound psychometric properties and can now be used to assess the participation needs of children aged 3-6 years with VI by means of proxy. Implementation in routine low vision rehabilitation care enables further optimization and investigation of its acceptability and feasibility.
参与和活动量表-儿童及青少年 3-6 岁版（PAI-CY 3-6）最近被开发出来，通过家长代理报告来评估视力障碍儿童的参与需求。本研究报告了其心理测量学特性。
邀请在荷兰两家低视力康复中心注册的 3-6 岁儿童的家长参与，并完成了 52 项 PAI-CY。通过评估表来确定对 PAI-CY 3-6 的满意度。进行了基本的项目分析，然后拟合项目反应理论（IRT）模型（即等级反应模型，GRM）。根据项目分析的结果、IRT 假设的满足情况、项目间功能差异、对 GRM 的拟合情况和项目信息含量来删除项目。考虑了表面效度和内容效度；请低视力康复中心的专业人员参与项目删除过程。在获得一组满意的项目后，还研究了效标关联效度、同时效度和重测信度。
共有 237 名家长的数据纳入分析。超过 85%的受访者对 PAI-CY 3-6 的各个方面的评价为中性至积极。在删除 17 个项目后，剩余的 35 个项目与 GRM 拟合良好。已知组的有效性得到支持，因为校正潜在混杂因素后，VI 更严重且合并症更多的参与者的得分明显低于 VI 较轻且无合并症的参与者。重测信度是足够的，且 PAI-CY 显示出良好的同时效度。专业人员的反馈促使保留了 17 个删除项目中的 3 个，尽管这些项目未包含在评分中。此外，还添加了两个新项目，形成了一个 40 项的工具。
PAI-CY 3-6 具有良好的心理测量学特性，现在可以通过代理来评估 3-6 岁 VI 儿童的参与需求。在常规低视力康复护理中的实施，可以进一步优化和研究其可接受性和可行性。
